% This is LLNCS.DOC the documentation file of% the LaTeX2e class from Springer-Verlag% for Lecture Notes in Computer Science, version 2.4\documentclass{llncs}\usepackage{llncsdoc}%\begin{document}\markboth{\LaTeXe{} Class for Lecture Notes in ComputerScience}{\LaTeXe{} Class for Lecture Notes in Computer Science}\thispagestyle{empty}\begin{flushleft}\LARGE\bfseries Instructions for Authors\\Coding with \LaTeX\\[2cm]\end{flushleft}\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}\vspace{2pt}\begin{flushright}\Huge\begin{tabular}{@{}l}\LaTeXe{} Class\\for Lecture Notes\\in Computer Science\\[6pt]{\Large Version 2.4}\end{tabular}\end{flushright}\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}\vfill\begin{flushleft}\large\itshape\begin{tabular}{@{}l}{\Large\upshape\bfseries Springer}\\[8pt]Berlin\enspace Heidelberg\enspace New\kern0.1em York\\[5pt]Barcelona\enspace Budapest\enspace Hong\kern0.2em Kong\\[5pt]London\enspace Milan\enspace Paris\enspace\\[5pt]Santa\kern0.2em Clara\enspace Singapore\enspace Tokyo\end{tabular}\end{flushleft}\newpage%\section*{For further information please contact us:}%\begin{flushleft}\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad}l@{\hspace{3mm}}l@{\quad}l}$\bullet$&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{\bfseries Springer-\kern-2pt VerlagHeidelberg}\\[1mm]&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{Department New Technologies/ProductDevelopment}\\&\multicolumn{3}{@{}l}{Springer-Verlag, Postfach 105280, D-69042Heidelberg1, FRG}\\[0.5mm] & Telefax: & (0\,62\,21)487688\\ & & (0\,62\,21)487366\\ & Internet: & \tt [email protected] & for editorial questions\\ & & \tt [email protected] & for \TeX{} problems\end{tabular}\end{flushleft}\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}%\section*{Acceptable formats of your disk/magnetic tape and output:}%The following formats are acceptable: 5.25$^{\prime\prime}$ disketteMS-DOS, 5.25$^{\prime\prime}$ CP/M, 3.5$^{\prime\prime}$ disketteMS-DOS, 3.5$^{\prime\prime}$ diskette Apple MacIntosh, 9-track 1600bpi magnetic tape VAX/VMS, 9-track 1600 bpi magnetic tape ANSI withlabel, SUN-Streamer Tape.Once you have completed your work using this macro package,please submit your own printout of the {\em finalversion together with the disk or magnetic tape}, containing your\LaTeX{} input (source) file und the final DVI-file and make surethat the text is {\em identical in both cases.}\bigskipThis macro package, as well as all other macro packages, stylefiles, and document classes that Springer distributes, are alsoavailable through our mailserver (for people with only e-mail access).{\tt [email protected]}\hfil first try the \verb|help|command.\noindent We are also reachable through the world wide web:\begin{flushleft}\tt\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\quad}r@{\tt:}l}\rmfamily URLs are & http&//www.springer.de \\ & gopher&//ftp.springer.de \\ & ftp&//ftp.springer.de\end{tabular}\end{flushleft}%\newpage\tableofcontents\newpage%\section{Introduction}%Authors wishing to code their contributionwith \LaTeX{}, as well as those who have already coded with \LaTeX{},will be provided with a document class that will give the text thedesired layout. Authors are requested toadhere strictly to these instructions; {\em the classfile must not be changed}.The text output area is automatically set within an area of12.2\,cm horizontally and 19.3\,cm vertically.If you are already familiar with \LaTeX{}, then theLLNCS class should not give you any major difficulties.It will change the layout to the required LLNCS style(it will for instance define the layout of \verb|\section|).We had to invent some extra commands,which are not provided by \LaTeX{} (e.g.\\verb|\institute|, see also Sect.\,\ref{contbegin})For the main body of the paper (the text) youshould use the commands of the standard \LaTeX{} ``article'' class.Even if you are familiar with those commands, we urge you to readthis entire documentation thoroughly. It contains many suggestions onhow to use our commands properly; thus your paperwill be formatted exactly to LLNCS standard.For the input of the references at the end of your contribution,please follow our instructions given in Sect.\,\ref{refer} References.The majority of these hints are not specific for LLNCS; they may improveyour use of \LaTeX{} in general.Furthermore, the documentation provides suggestions about the properediting and useof the input files (capitalization, abbreviation etc.) (seeSect.\,\ref{refedit} How to Edit Your Input File).%\section{How to Proceed}%The package consists of the following files:\begin{flushleft}\begin{tabular}{@{}p{2.5cm}l}{\tt history.txt}& the version history of the package\\[2pt]{\tt llncs.cls} & class file for \LaTeX{}\\[2pt]{\tt llncs.dem} & an example showing how to code the text\\[2pt]{\tt llncs.doc} & general instructions (source of this document),\\ & {\tt llncs.doc} means {\itshape l\/}atex {\itshape doc\/}umentation for\\ & {\itshape L\/}ecture {\itshape N}otes in {\itshape C\/}omputer {\itshape S\/}cience\\{\tt llncsdoc.sty} & class modifications to help for the instructions\\{\tt llncs.ind} & an external (faked) author index file\\{\tt subjidx.ind} & subject index demo from the Springer book package\\{\tt llncs.dvi} & the resultig DVI file (remember to use binary transfer!)\\[2pt]{\tt sprmindx.sty} & supplementary style file for MakeIndex\\ & (usage: {\tt makeindex -s sprmindx.sty <yourfile.idx>})\end{tabular}\end{flushleft}%\subsection{How to Invoke the LLNCS Document Class}%The LLNCS class is an extension of the standard \LaTeX{} ``article''document class. Therefore you may use all ``article'' commands for thebody of your contribution to prepare your manuscript.LLNCS class is invoked by replacing ``article'' by ``llncs'' in thefirst line of your document:\begin{verbatim}\documentclass{llncs}%\begin{document} <Your contribution>\end{document}\end{verbatim}%\subsection{Contributions Already Coded with \protect\LaTeX{} withoutthe LLNCS document class}%If your file is already coded with \LaTeX{} you can easilyadapt it a posteriori to the LLNCS document class.Please refrain from using any \LaTeX{} or \TeX{} commandsthat affect the layout or formatting of your document (i.e. commandslike \verb|\textheight|, \verb|\vspace|, \verb|\headsep| etc.).There may nevertheless be exceptional occasions on which touse some of them.The LLNCS document class has been carefully designed to produce theright layout from your \LaTeX{} input. If there is anything specific youwould like to do and for which the style file does not provide