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Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC1The Southwest III: The ChacoPhenomenonLecture 16North American ArchaeologySpring 2009UCSCPueblo II AD 900-1150 Most people in No.SW lived in smalldispersed ruralsettlements Integrated into largeregional systemcentered in San JuanBasin--THE CHACOPHENOMENONThe Chaco Phenomenon Incorporated between 25-50,000 sq km Characterized by Large planned architecture Water control features Shared ritual system Luxury trade items Shared ceramic tradition Outliers--Great Houses,Great Kivas Roads and shrinesHow big was system? What was nature of integration?Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC2“Downtown Chaco” Chaco Canyon nowseen as single site “Semi-urban”habitation andceremonial center Planned, modified“cityscape” Population debated,but maybe ca. 5000people at height ofsystemCanyon Settlement Structure Hosta Butte sites Small unplannedhamlets On both sides ofwash, but more onsouth Contemporaneous w/Great HousesCasa Rinconada “Great Kiva” Assoc. w/ hamlets on So.side of wash Site of dramatic publicrituals Astronomical alignments,calendrical observations Massive posts carried40-80 km from mountainsAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC3Great Houses Nine--Contemporaneous Mostly on N side ofwash Strategically located Large, multi-storied,planned buildings What were they for?Pueblo Bonito Largest Great House Over 650 rooms Planned Construction Well organized labor Multiple Stories“Over-constructed” Rubble core masonry Ashlar veneer Different patternsreflect differentbuilding episodesAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC4Room Suites Household suites Big Room suites Road roomsEnclosed Plaza Space and KivasGreat Kivas and Tower KivasAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC5Burials and Luxury Goods Burials scarce elites?, priests? Exotic goods onlyfound in GreatHouses Pottery, chert, timberfrom Chuska Mts. Copper bells,macaws from MexicoTurquoise Production and ExchangeWater Control Features andIntensive Agriculture System ofheadgates, damsand ditches on Nside of wash Assoc. w/ GreatHouses Controlled by elite?Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC6Roads Straight Well-constructed,wide Lead to outliers,resources,canyon, shrines “sacredgeography” Purpose??Stairs and RampsCasa RiconadaChetro KetlPueblo BonitoPueblo AltoNorthSouthChaco as the “Middle Place”Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC7Outliers Great Houses and/orGreat Kiva Often in dramaticsettings Assoc. w/ smallhamlets Colonists or localelite emulatingChaco?Salmon Ruin, NMAztec RuinChaco’s successor as the “Middle Place” in 12th and 13th c.??Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProf. Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC8ExplainingChaco Redistribution Model Jim Judge Pilgrimage CenterModel Lekson et al. Segmentary StateModel Peer Polity


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UCSC ANTH 176A - Phenomenon

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