BATTERIESA. PREPARATION1. Introduction and Motivation2. Electrochemical Fundamentals3. Helmholtz Equivalents for Nonlinear One-Ports4 Battery Selection Basics5. Battery Discharging and Charging6. Typical Primary Cellsa. Daniell Cellb. Weston Cellc. Leclanché Celld. Mercury Cell7. Typical Secondary Cellsa. Lead-Acid Cellb. Nickel-Cadmium Cellc. Sodium-Sulphur (Beta) Cell8. ReferencesB. EXPERIMENT 1. Equipment List2. Advance Design3. Preliminary Tests4. Temperature Effects5. Discharge Phenomena6. Recharge Phenomena7. ReportBatteries - 1Batteries - 2Batteries - 3Batteries - 4Batteries - 5Batteries - 6Batteries - 7Batteries - 8Batteries - 9Batteries - 10Batteries - 11Batteries - 12Batteries - 13Batteries - 14Batteries - 15Batteries - 16Batteries - 17Batteries - 18Batteries - 19Batteries - 20Batteries - 21Batteries - 22Batteries - 23Batteries - 24B. EXPERIMENT1. Equipment List1 relay rack containing the usual lab gear1 dual rheostat module1 temperature probe (Fluke 80T-150)1 sealed 6 V battery (fully charged) (Universal UB685 equivalent to PS-682)1 sealed 6 V battery (fully charged) (Power-Sonic PS-610)2. Advance DesignBe sure to review the following extremely useful document PRIOR to coming to lab:PowerSonic Battery Technical Manual.Your group will NOT be permitted to commence work until each of its members has submitted a workable design for the following test apparatus to be used in the measurements!Using components which you know to be available in the laboratory, design a convenient& apparatus which will present a variable load to a 0-10 Volt DC source; this load shall have a long-term current capacity of up to 9.0 Amp. Instrument this apparatus to provide accurate measurements of source voltage and current. 3. Preliminary TestsIn this laboratory you will, in effect, be determining numerous quasi-global Thévenin equivalents: that is, you will be determining v(i) characteristics and processing them to obtainT~V (0) = v(0)and T~r (i) . In order to make these measurements in timely fashion, you need a little practice. And that is the purpose of this section, which you must complete in no more than thirty (30) minutes.Connect a 6 VDC power supply, current-limited to approximately 500 mA, to the load you designed. Determine v(i) of the supply from 0.0 A to 0.5 A in steps of 0.1 A. Take several additional readings in the vicinity of 0.5 A where voltages drop to less than 6 VDC. Be sure you can do this with alacrity (quick, lively action). Take no more points than are needed; but take enough.& You have a lot of data to take. Therefore, safety and accuracy being assumed, experimental logistics rule!Batteries - 25In addition, be certain that you are thoroughly familiar with the use of the temperature probe.4. Temperature EffectsApproximately 30 min after the start of lab you will be provided with a sealed 6 Volt lead-acid battery (PS-610) which has been embedded in ice and thoroughly chilled to a temperature below freezing.Plop a small blob of thermal compound onto the top of the battery₤. Immediately plug the temperature probe into the blob. Hold it there with a clamp standΔ. As soon as an accurate temperature reading is available (perhaps 10 seconds), obtain with alacrity (quick, lively action) a v(i) characteristic from 0.0 A to 2.0 A in steps of 0.4 A. Terminate this test if v(i) falls below 4.50 V. Be sure to quickly record the temperature associated with each data point. Then quickly disconnect the battery and proceed to Part 5, except that (1) as soon as possible lift the battery out of its ice bath, pat it dry with paper towels, and set it on the lab bench to warm up for at least 90 minutes and (2)at the conclusion of Part 5, speedily repeat the above 0.0 to 2.0 Amp test.5. Discharge PhenomenaWhile Part 4 is in its 90 min wait, put a UB685 battery into the load circuit and do with alacrity (quick, lively action) a 0.0 to 9.0 Amp test using 1.0 A increments. Terminate this test if v(i) falls below 4.50 V. Then set and maintain the discharge current to a 4.6 Amp discharge rate (C-rate) and record v(0) and v(4.6) as functions of time. Terminate this discharge test as soon as v(4.6) falls below 4.50 V. At once repeat with alacrity the previous 0.0 to 9.0 Amp test on this battery.6. Recharge PhenomenaAfter repeating the 0.0 to 2.0 Amp test on the warm PS-610 battery, connect the UB685 battery to a power supply using a suitable ammeter and rheostat set to 50 . Raise the power supply voltage level and simultaneously reduce the rheostat resistanceto 0 ohms to obtain an initial charging current of 0.80 A. Keep the supply voltage fixed ₤ Your lab group must also clean off ALL thermal compound from the battery at the end of the experiment. While you’re at it, clean off the temperature probe as well. Gaze on the mess, oh ye students, and despair.Δ This is not an ideal way of determining internal battery temperature; however, can you think of a better surrogate for the internal temperature of a sealed unit which can not readily be entered? A major inelegancy in this experiment is switching the UB685 from 4.6A to 0.0 A and back. It is suggested that you install a switch in the discharging (or charging) circuit using, for example, the Electrical Energy Monitor.Batteries - 26at this level. At appropriate time intervals, measure i, v(i), and v(0). Continue this recharge for at least 30 minutes. This may not be as easy as you think! It turns out that the power supplies in use at this time (2001) seem to have an“eccentricity” which may cause them to crowbar even if the required current is well within their set range. Since there is no externally obvious reason for this behavior, it can cause consternation among students and faculty alike. Should you encounter such ostensibly bizarre behavior, try flipping the power supply on with its output voltage as low as possible and then slowly raising this voltage. It also helps to have a 100- rheostat in series with the batteryand to lower its resistance after elevating the supply voltage. One prominent electronics manufacturer had an entire line of three-terminal voltage reulators fail in the marketplace as a result of such a quirk. Batteries - 277. Report(a) Explain your 9 A variable resistance design.(b) Plot the v(i) characteristic of the power supply. On the same plot show T~r(i). Comment tersely. Also,