Exam # 1 Study Guide Week 1: BugsStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Coli, Borrelia burgdorferiMicroorganisms exist in two forms; one that is easily killed by boiling and one that is heat resistent, this organsim is called an endospore •These organisms are commonly found in the soil Microorganisms and other infectious agents together are called microbes•Microbes have a huge effect on all living things in four main waysFood Production; Ex: breadmaking from yeast, fermentation of cereal to make beer,and fermented milk products BIOL 2300 1st Edition Biodegradation; microorganisms degrade environmental pollutantsCommercially Valuable Products Made from Bacteria; These products can be made in factories,however bacteria produce them faster and cheaper• Cellulose: used in stereo headsets• Hydroxybutyric acid: used in the manufacture of disposable diapers and plastics• Ethanol: used as a biofuel• Hydrogen gas: used as a possible biofuel• Oils: used as a possible biofuel• Insect toxins: used in insecticides• Antibiotics: used in the treatment of disease• Amino acids: used as dietary BiotechnologyBiotechnology: The use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to solve practical problemsMedical Microbiology- Microbes that cause disease are called pathogens Understand the difference between Emerging and Reemerging diseases!!!-What are normal microbiota and how do they help humans?-Resistant microbiota- microbes that typically that typically inhabit body sites for extended periods of time- Temporary occupants are transient microbiota -All living organisms can be classified into what? _________ And what exactly are the classifications?What defines the boundary of a bacterial cell?The Dispute Over Spontaneous Generation Bacillus--> Genus Clostridium--> Rod Coccobacillus--> short round rodVibrio--> Curved rodCoccus--> sphericalSymbiosis- the intimate relationship between the microorganisms and the human body -Mutualism- association where both parties benefit-Commensalism- association where one partner benefits but the other remains unharmed -Ex: Microbes on the skin-Parasitism- An association in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other*ALL PATHOGENS ARE PARASITES!!!*BE FAMILIAR WITH THESE TERMS:PLEMOPHORIC- many shapesDisuna--> painful urination *Acid Fast*1. Primary Dye2. Decolorizer; alcohol *Biofilms--> plaque*3. Counter Stain *Catheters--> phomite*-Methylene Blue-Non Acid-fast bacteriaNosocomial--> Hospital acquired bacteria Peptidoglycan--> bacteria (protein sugar)Bacteria-Prokaryotes -No nucleus -Use flagella -Binary fission-Have rigid cell walls-Genetic material resides in the nucleod Archaea-Prokaryotes cell structure-No peptidoglycan-Grow in extreme conditions Eucarya -eukaryotes-membrane bound nucleus and other organelles -algae-fungi-protozoa-helminths- organisms that kill millions around the world..... Ex- Tapeworm-Morphology- describes characteristics -Vector- a carrier of disease-Fomite- The nonliving object that carries a pathogenBiofilms-hard to degrade, many layers; called slime layersDEAD VACCINES- DO NOT MAKE YOU SICKLIVE VACCINES- DISEASE MUTATED, THESE ARE GIVING TO PEOPLEUNDERSTAND THESE TERMS: Virulence factors MycobacteriumBuboA Microbes pathogenicity is related to:1. entry2. colonization3. Escape from host defense mechanism4. Multiplication5. Damage to host tissueCHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE-communicable/contagious disease-infectious dose-incubation period -prodromal phaseDURATION OF SYMPTOMS-acute infections-chronic infections -latent infections -systemic infection*UNDERSTAND VIRUSES, VIROIDS, AND PRIONS*1. Understand fluid mosaic model2. Phospholipid bilayers are made up of?3. What are exoproteins?4. What is the basic structure of PTG?5. What is special about mycoplasma6. O2 requirements: obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles 7. Neutrophiles: Acidophiles: Alkalophiles Bugs:Neisseria GonorrhoeaeStreptococcus pneumoniaeMycoplasma pneumoniaeMycobacterium tuberculosisRhinovirusHerpes simplex virusVaricella Zoster VirusHuman Papilloma Streptocccus mutans Candida albicansClostridium difficileHuman immunodeficiency