PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Catabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the three stages of cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2OCatabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the three stages of cellular respirationEach turn of the citric acid cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2Catabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the three stages of cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2OBiosynthetic precursors produced by an incomplete citric acid cycle in anaerobic bacteriaCitric acid cycleWhere did the citric acid cycle come from?Citric acid cycle components are important biosynthetic intermediatesAmphibolic pathway, i.e., serves in both catabolic and anabolic processesAnaplerotic reactions replenish citric acid cycle intermediatespyruvateCACBiotin in pyruvate carboxylase carries CO2 groups(via carboxyphosphate)(“activated CO2”)Regulation of Citric Acid CycleThe citric acid cycle is regulated at its three exergonic steps G' = -32.2 kJ/mol G' = 13.3 kJ/mol G' = -20.9 kJ/mol G' = -33.5 kJ/mol G' = -2.9 kJ/mol G' = 29.7 kJ/mol G' = 0 kJ/mol G' = -3.8 kJ/molGlyoxalate Cycle(in plants, some invertebrates, and in some microoranisms, e.g., E. coli)(Vertebrates cannot convert fatty acids, or the acetate derived from them, to carbohydrates)carbohydratesElectron micrograph of germinating cucumber
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