BIOL 2210 AP I Course Objectives1: The Human Body: An Orientation- An Overview of Anatomy and Physiologyo Define anatomy and physiology.o Explain the principle of complementarity.- Levels of Structural Organizationo Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, andexplain their relationships.o List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain themajor function(s) of each system.- Maintaining Lifeo List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans.o List the survival needs of the body.- Homeostasiso Define homeostasis and explain its importance.o Describe how negative and positive feedback maintain body homeostasis.o Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease.- The Language of Anatomyo Describe the anatomical position.o Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body directions, body regions, and bodyplanes or sections.o Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions and associatedmembranes, and list the major organs contained within them.o Name the four quadrants or nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and list theorgans they contain.2: Chemistry Comes AlivePART 1: BASIC CHEMISTRY- Definition of Concepts: Matter and Energyo Define matter, energy, potential energy and kinetic energy.- Composition of Matter: Atoms and Elementso Define chemical element and list the four major elements that form the bulk of bodymatter.o Define atom. List the subatomic particles; describe their relative masses, charges, andpositions in the atom.o Define atomic number, atomic mass, atomic weight, isotope, and radioisotope.- How Matter Is Combined: Molecules and Mixtureso Define molecule.- Chemical Bondso Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding and in relation to the octet rule.o Differentiate among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.o Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar compounds.1- Chemical Reactionso Define the three major types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, andexchange. o Comment on the nature of oxidation-reduction reactions and their importance.o Describe factors that affect chemical reaction rates.PART 2: BIOCHEMISTRY- Inorganic Compoundso Explain the importance of water and salts to body homeostasis.o Define acid and base, and explain the concept of pH.- Organic Compoundso Describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions ofcarbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.o Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdownof organic molecules.o Describe the four levels of protein structure.o Describe enzyme action.o Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.o Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism.3: Cells: The Living Units- Overview of the Cellular Basis of Lifeo Define cell.o List the three major regions of a generalized cell and indicate the function of each.- The Plasma Membrane: Structureo Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane and relate it to membranefunctions.o Compare the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.- The Plasma Membrane: Membrane Transporto Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms. o Compare and contrast simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis relative tosubstances transported, direction, and mechanism.o Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis in terms of function and direction.o Compare and contrast pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.o Define membrane potential and explain how the resting membrane potential isestablished and maintained.- The Plasma Membrane: Cell-Environment Interactionso Describe the role of the glycocalyx when cells interact with their environment.o List several roles of membrane receptors.- The Cytoplasmo Describe the composition of the cytosol.o Discuss the structure and function of mitochondria.o Discuss the structure and function of ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and theGolgi apparatus, including functional interrelationships among these organelles.2o Describe and compare the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes.o Name and describe the structure and function of cytoskeleton elements.o Describe the roles of cilia and flagella.o Describe how the two main types of cell extensions, cilia and microvilli, differ instructure and function.- The Nucleuso Outline the structure, and function of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin.4: Tissue: The Living Fabric- Epithelial Tissueo List the structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue.o Name, classify, and describe the various types of epithelia, and indicate their chief function(s) and location(s).o Define gland.o Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands.o Describe merocrine, apocrine and holocrine glands.- Connective Tissueo Indicate common characteristics of connective tissue, and list and describe its structuralelements.o Describe the types of connective tissue found in the body, and indicate theircharacteristic functions.- Nervous Tissueo Indicate the general characteristics of nervous tissue.- Muscle Tissueo Compare and contrast the structures and body locations of the three types of muscle tissue.- Covering and Lining Membraneso Describe the structure and function of cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.- Tissue Repairo Outline the process of tissue repair involved in normal healing of a superficial wound.5: The Integumentary System- The Skino Name the tissue types composing the epidermis and dermis. List the major layers ofeach and describe the functions of each layer.o Describe the factors that normally contribute to skin color. Briefly describe how changes in skin color may be used as clinical signs of certain disease states.- Appendages of the Skino Compare the structure and locations of sweat and oil glands. Also compare the composition and functions of their secretions.o Compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine glands.- Functions of the Integumentary Systemo Know the functions of skin.o Describe how the skin accomplishes these different functions.- Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin3o Explain why serious burns are life threatening.o Describe how to determine the extent of a burn and differentiate first-, second-, andthird-degree burns.o Know and apply the “rule of nines”.o Summarize the characteristics of the three major