Buddhism: Its Indian OriginPowerPoint PresentationSlide 3Slide 4Buddhism: Its History in India (I)Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Three Jewels (aka. Three Refuges)The BuddhaSlide 11Slide 12Birth and FamilySuper BodyThe Great DepartureEnlightenmentSermonsParinirvanaBuddhism: Its Indian Origin•Buddhism: one of two major Indian philosophical systems•Hinduism: Hindu philosophy has exerted more powerful impression throughout Indian history•It’s the root of the Buddhist traditionBuddha, Gupta Period (c.400 CE.), India•Indian thought unfolds in two directions:•Hindu: the Veda is its source•Accepted as the authority of the sacred teaching and viewed as orthodox•Texts associated: •Rg-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Atharva-Veda, Upanishads (sk. Upanişads)Standing Buddha, Museum of Archaeology, Mathura. 5th C.•Non-Hindu•Viewed as heterodox•Buddhism, Jainism, Karvaka•Vedic teachings influenced the development of Buddhism•Specialized priests handled specific elements of ritual•Truth of transmigration and repeated death•Notion of ātman (self/soul)•Meditation on some sacred utterances of Upanishads (sacred treatises and books)•Contemplative techniques used to search freedomStanding Bodhisattva, Mathura sculpture, 3rd C.Seated Buddha, 2nd Century, BCEBuddhism: Its History in India (I)Buddhism: Its History in India (I)Three periods:Three periods: –Early, Sectarian, Early, Sectarian, MahayanaMahayana1st Period: Early Buddhism1st Period: Early Buddhism–The “Three Jewels” is The “Three Jewels” is the corethe coreThe Buddha prescribed The Buddha prescribed the “refuge formula”the “refuge formula”Two refuges expanded to Two refuges expanded to three refugesthree refuges Early Sculpture of Buddha in India2nd Period: Sectarian Buddhism2nd Period: Sectarian Buddhism–Characterized by councils and schismCharacterized by councils and schism–First council, occurred in ca. 534 BCE First council, occurred in ca. 534 BCE After the death of the BuddhaAfter the death of the BuddhaMahākāśhapa, one of the Buddha’s closest disciples, Mahākāśhapa, one of the Buddha’s closest disciples, called for an assembly meeting to establish some called for an assembly meeting to establish some consensus about the core of the Buddha’s teachingsconsensus about the core of the Buddha’s teachingsKushinagar, Buddha’s MahaparinirvanaSubsequent councils Subsequent councils (2nd&3rd…)(2nd&3rd…) –were assembled to deal were assembled to deal with interpretation of with interpretation of certain ideas and certain ideas and VinayaVinaya, , resulting first major split resulting first major split among Buddhists among Buddhists because of because of disagreements: (referred disagreements: (referred to as Great Schism):to as Great Schism): –Two schools emergedTwo schools emergedThe Great Assembly The Great Assembly (Mahasanghika)(Mahasanghika)Teaching of the Elders Teaching of the Elders (Sthaviravada, or (Sthaviravada, or Theravada)Theravada)Third Period: Mahayana BuddhismThird Period: Mahayana Buddhism–Originated in the 2nd and 3rd councilOriginated in the 2nd and 3rd council–The Great Assembly The Great Assembly (Mahasanghika) (Mahasanghika) proposed proposed a theory that the Buddha, superior to a theory that the Buddha, superior to arhants,arhants, transcended the life of an ordinary mantranscended the life of an ordinary man–Disputed the notion issue of Disputed the notion issue of āātmantman (soul) in favor (soul) in favor of that of of that of ananāātmantman (no soul) (no soul)The initiation of the Buddhist canon, or official worksThe initiation of the Buddhist canon, or official worksIdeas in these works were put together into Ideas in these works were put together into Pitaka Pitaka ((baskets)baskets)Three Jewels (aka. Three Refuges)The Buddha The Buddha: the “Awakened One” (or “one who has awakened”)Śākaymuni: “the sage of the Śākyas”Śākyas--his people’s nameGautama--his clan nameSiddhārtha--personal name, “one who has achieved his aim”The DharmaLaw, doctrinesThe SanghaCommunitiesThe BuddhaThe Buddha•Dates and Place of Dates and Place of BirthBirth–Dates: (566-486 BCE), Dates: (566-486 BCE), (563-483BCE); (440-(563-483BCE); (440-360BCE); (d. ca.410BCE)360BCE); (d. ca.410BCE)–Lumbini, NipalLumbini, Nipal•The Great DepartureThe Great Departure•Enlightenment: Bodh Enlightenment: Bodh Gaya (the birthplace of Gaya (the birthplace of Buddhism)Buddhism)•First Sermon: Dear First Sermon: Dear Park in Sarnath Park in Sarnath •Parinirvana: Parinirvana: KushinagaKushinagaThe Great Departure and the Temptation of the Buddha (by Mara’s Daughters)Ikshvaku period, ca. first half of 3rd centuryIndia (Andra Pradesh, Nagarjunakonda)“The Great Departure” posterBirth and Family•Father: Suddhodhana, : aunt: (Maha)pajapati•Mother: Māyā •conceived him when dreaming a white baby elephant entering her side•gave birth to him when standing up and holding on to the trunk of a sal tree•The earth shook and gods bathed him in a miraculous shower of water•The Buddha: (Sākyamuni Buddha)•After birth: Immediately stood up, took seven steps and declared that this was to be his last rebirth•“I am chief in the world. I am best in the world. I am first in the world.”•Wife: Yasodharā•Son: RāhuraSuper BodySuper BodyTThe Buddhahe Buddha’’s characteristicss characteristics–Remarkable in mind and bodyRemarkable in mind and body–Endowed physically with the 32 major Endowed physically with the 32 major marks and 80 secondary marks of a marks and 80 secondary marks of a supermansuperman–His voice has 64 kinds of euphonyHis voice has 64 kinds of euphonyThe Buddha was a great storytellerThe Buddha was a great storyteller–JJāātakataka stories: his previous lives stories: his previous lives–AvadAvadāānana stories: explain present situation stories: explain present situation by recounting events from the pastby recounting events from the past King Padmaka and the fish allegoryKing Padmaka and the fish allegoryThe Great DepartureThe Great Departure•Four signs: the reasons for his departure:Four signs: the reasons for his departure:•old, sick, dead, religious mendicantsold, sick, dead, religious mendicants•accounts questionable and should be treated as parables accounts questionable and should be treated as parables •Renunciation and Austerities (6 years)Renunciation and