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BYUI CHEM 105 - Chemical Reactions

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Chemical ReactionsThe Periodic TableProperties of Metals, Nonmetals and MetalloidsSlide 4Slide 5Aqueous SolutionsSlide 7Generation of Ions in SolutionSlide 9Acids and BasesSlide 11Slide 12Reversible ReactionsSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Acids and Bases – A SummaryDetermining if a Compound is SolubleSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Reaction in Aqueous SolutionsRepresenting the Reactions in Aqueous SolutionsSlide 25Oxidation NumbersSlide 27Useful Rules in Assigning Oxidation NumbersAssigning Oxidation NumbersNaming Binary Ionic Compounds IUPACNaming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic IonsNaming Binary Molecular CompoundsSlide 33Naming Binary AcidsSlide 35Naming Ternary AcidsSlide 37Slide 38Slide 39Naming Ternary SaltsSlide 41Slide 42Naming Ternary Acids and SaltsRedox ReactionsSlide 45Slide 46Slide 47Combination ReactionDecomposition ReactionsDisplacement ReactionsSlide 51Slide 52Displacement ReactionSlide 54Slide 55Slide 56Metathesis Reactions/Double ReplacementSlide 58Slide 59Acid/Base Reactions-A Metathesis ReactionAcid/Base Reactions-A Type of Metathesis ReactionSlide 62Precipitation Reaction-A Type of Metathesis ReactionSlide 64Gas-Formation Reactions-A Type of Metathesis ReactionSlide 66Summary of Reaction TypesChemical ReactionsChapter 4The Periodic Table•Review–Arrangement is based on increasing ____ ____.–Groups or columns•Elements within a group have similar ____ and _____ properties.•Alkali metals (Group __), alkaline earth metals (Group __), halogens (Group __), and noble gases (Group ___).–s, p, d, and f blocksProperties of Metals, Nonmetals and MetalloidsProperties of Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids•The stair sep line separates the metals from the nonmetals–Metals are to the left of this line•~80% of the elements are metals–Nonmetals are to the right of this line–Metalloids are on the line (in green)•Metalloids or semimetals exhibit properties intermediate between metals and metalloids.–For semiconductors such as silicon, the conductance increases with temperatureTypical properties exhibited by metals and nonmetals are given in Tables 4-3 and 4-4.Properties of Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids•Metallic character increases from top to bottom and decreases from left to right.•Nonmetallic character decreases from top to bottom and increases from left to right.–Best nonmetals are far to the rightPeriodicChartMoreMetallicLess MetallicAqueous Solutions•An aqueous solution exists when a solute is dissolved in _____.–Formula is followed by (__)•An electrolyte is a substance whose aqueous solution _____ ______ due to the movement of ions or charged particles.–An electrolyte produces ____ when dissolved in water. For example, NaCl dissolved in water to produce Na+ and Cl- ions.Aqueous Solutions•The more ions produced by the substance, the stronger the electrolyte–Strong electrolyte – substances that conduct electricity well in dilute aqueous solutions–Weak electrolyte – substances that conduct electricity poorly in dilute aqueous solution–Nonelectrolyte – substances that do not conduct electricity in aqueous solutionsDEMO: NaCl, acetic acid, and sugar waterGeneration of Ions in Solution•Ions are generally produced from a substance in water by either dissociation or ionization.–Dissociation – an _____ compound separates into ions in solution•NaCl(s)–Ionization – a ______ compound separates or reacts with water to form ions in solution•HNO3(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)Generation of Ions in Solution•Strong electrolytes. These are soluble in water.–Strong acids–Strong bases–Most soluble salts•Weak electrolytes. –Weak acids–Weak basesAcids and Bases•An acid is a substance that____ a proton.–In aqueous solution, this proton combines with water to form H3O+. All acids are ________ substances.–Strong acids•Ionize almost completely to form ions in dilute aqueous solutions.–Original acid molecules largely do not exist in solution.–Ionization is near 100%•A list of strong acids is given in Table 4-5 (know these).Acids and Bases•Representing reactions between strong acids and water.•The double arrow indicates that the reaction proceeds in both directions. The reaction is ______. In reactions with double arrows, the limiting reactant is not all used up.–The longer arrow pointing to the right indicates the the reaction is product-favored.–Ionization is near ________, only a _____ amount of limiting reactant remains.–All strong acids react similarly in water. They are product-favored. HClO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + ClO3-(aq)HClO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + ClO3-(aq)Acids and Bases•Weak acids ionize only _____ in dilute aqueous solutions.–Ionization is generally less than 5%.–A list of common weak acids is in Table 4.6.–The reaction is also reversible, but the longer arrow points to the left indication that the reaction is ________.•Most of the limiting reactant is not used. HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN-(aq)HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN-(aq)Reversible Reactions•Acetic acid/H2O reaction•HCl/H2O reaction•Al(NO3)3/NaOH reactionAcids and Bases•Most acids are weak.–______ acids are almost always weak.•The O-H bond is broken. •Demonstration with acetic acid, CH3COOH (show model).•Write the reaction for the following acids with water.–HI, H2SO4, and (COOH)2Acids and Bases•A base is a substance the produces____ ions in aqueous solutions. The ___ ions produced, the stronger the base. Know the strong bases in Table 4-7. •Generation of OH- ions in aqueous solutions–Dissociation of metallic hydroxides–These dissolve and dissociate in water.–What do the arrows indicate in the reaction?NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)H2ONaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)H2OAcids and Bases•Generation of OH- ions in aqueous solutions–Bases that ionize in waterNH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)–These substances ionize in order to produce OH-•Mostly molecular substances–Most molecular substances that ionize to produce OH- are weak bases.–What do the arrows indicate about the limiting reactant?Acids and Bases•Some ionic hydroxides are essentially insoluble in water. Cu(OH)2 CuOH+ + OH-–Only a small amount of OH- ions are generated due to solubility.DEMO: NaOH, NH3, and an insoluble hydroxide in water. Classify these bases.Acids and Bases – A Summary•Strong acids and bases–The


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BYUI CHEM 105 - Chemical Reactions

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