Chapter 13Reformation and ReligiousWarfare in the Sixteenth CenturyPrelude to ReformationChristian or Northern Renaissance HumanismChristian HumanistsDesiderius Erasmus• Wanted Reform within the ChurchThe Church in the RenaissanceThe Problem of Heresy and ReformJohn Hus• Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy• Burned at the stake (1415)The Renaissance PapacyJulius II “Warrior Pope”- personally led armiesNepotismLeo X cardinal at age 13Church and Religion on the Eve of the ReformationChurch CorruptionMeaning of SalvationRelicsClergy fails to ReformMartin Luther & the Reformation in GermanyLaw StudentBecomes a monkDoctorate in Theology (1512)“Justification by Faith”Primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authorityJohann Tetzel sold IndulgencesMartin LutherThe Ninety-Five Theses (1517)Publications in GermanStandardized German languageRejection of church hierarchy, celibacy, confessionThe Development of LutheranismSupported by German aristocracy –resentment of Italian hierarchySpread through Germany-particularly northThe Elector of SaxonyAristocrats determined religion of their regionThe Peasants’ War (1524)Social implicationsThe Empire of Charles V©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™is a trademark used herein under license.Germany and the Reformation: Religion and PoliticsCharles V, Holy Roman EmperorDistracted by French and Turkish warsSuleiman the Magnificent –1526 ViennaHabsburg – Valois Wars over control of ItalyPope Clement VII sides with Francis ICharles V and LutheranismDiet of Worms –1521ExcommunicationPeace of Augsburg (1555)Division of Christianity acknowledgedThe Radical Reformation: The AnabaptistsGrew out of peasants’ revoltChurch was a voluntary association of believersAdult baptismPopulist movementSeparation of Church and StateJohn Calvin and the Development of CalvinismJohn Calvin Spread through Germany, Netherlands, ScotlandCalvinism: militant form of ProtestantismTudors and End of War of the RosesHenry VIIBattle of Bosworth 1485Arthur betrothed to Catherine of AragonDeath of ArthurQuizIdentify :1.Lorenzo the Magnificent2. Savanarola3. Bonfire of the Vanities4. How did art of the Renaissance differ from that of the Middle Ages?5. Why were the Medici called ‘Godfathers of the Renaissance”?The Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII 1521 treatise against LutherbellicoseCatherine of Aragón (First Wife)MaryHenry seeks to dissolve marriageAnne BoleynElizabethAnne BoleynThe King’s Great MatterLeviticusAppeal to Papacy for annulmentRome occupied and sacked by Charles VReformationDissolution of the MonasteriesRedistribution of property and wealthAct of Supremacy (1534)Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of CanterburyExecution of Thomas MoreAnn falls from favorExecution of Anne Boleyn 1536Elizabeth disinheritedJane Seymour 1537Edward VILater Wives of HenryAnne of Cleves 1540HolbeinCromwellCatherine Howard Beheaded 1542Catherine Parr 1543Act of Succession 1544Succession after HenryEdward VI (1553)Bloody Mary (1558)Marriage to Philip II and relations with SpainIntended to restore Catholicism to EnglandExecutions• 283 burned at the stake• Archbishop Thomas CranmerElizabeth ReginaAccedes to the throne in 1558 – 1603Act of SupremacyAct of UniformityScottish ThreatMary Queen of ScotsMarried to Francis IIClaim to English throne through father James V who was son of Margaret TudorMary of Guise- French connectionWife of James VDeposed by Scottish lordsCatholic –Protestant division of countryMary’s intriguesMarriage to Henry, Lord Darnley, grandson of Margaret TudorPlot to kill DarnleyMary’s third husband, James, Lord BothwellMary’s abdication and flight to England in 1567End of Mary Queen of ScotsImprisoned in Fotheringhay CastleRidolfi plotBabington plotExecution in 1587Her son James succeeds Elizabeth in 1603Reign of ElizabethEighty years war in NetherlandsIntrigue and suitorsRobert Dudley, Earl of LeicesterRobert Devereux, Earl of EssexArmadaEnglish RenaissanceShakespeareTudor EnglandGrowth of burghers and middle classSocial mobilityDecline of aristocracy and clericsHighly centralized governmentElizabeth wisely kept the country out of expensive warsEnglish explorationSir Francis Drake- Golden HindSir Walter Raleigh-Renaissance manUncovered Babington plotVirginia – Roanoke IslandBeheaded by James ISuccession of James IProtestant victoryEnd of Tudor dynastyUnification of England and Scotland under StuartsThe Social Impact of the Protestant ReformationThe FamilyMarriage and SexPositive family relationshipsWomen’s Roles• Women left with few alternatives in ProtestantismReligions Practices and Popular CultureChanges in Religious PracticesChanges in forms of entertainmentThe Catholic ReformationThe Society of JesusIgnatius of Loyola• The Spiritual ExercisesJesuits recognized as a religious order (1540)• Absolute obedience to the papacyThree major objectives of Jesuits• Education crucial to combating Protestantism• Propagation of Catholic faith among non-Catholics• Fight ProtestantismCatholics and Protestants in Europe in 1560©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™is a trademark used herein under license.A Revived PapacyPope Paul IIIReform CommissionRecognized JesuitsCouncil of TrentRoman Inquisition (1542)Pope Paul IVIndex of Forbidden BooksThe Council of Trent Met intermittently from 1545 – 1563Divisions between moderates and conservativesReaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsScripture and TraditionFaith and Good WorksSacramentsPolitics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth CenturyThe French Wars of ReligionHuguenots• Conversion of the 40 – 50 percent of French nobilityThe Ultra CatholicsRevolts against the monarchyThe PolitiquesHenry IV of Navarre• Converts to Catholicism• Edict of Nantes (1598)Philip II and the Cause of Militant CatholicismPhilip II of SpainImportance of Catholicism in SpainThe Holy LeagueBattle of Lepanto (1571)The Revolt of the NetherlandsPhilip tries to strengthen his controlResentment against PhilipCalvinistsWilliam of Nassau, Prince of OrangeUnited Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)Malta – A Major Battlefield in the Strugglebetween Islam and Christianity in the MediterraneanThe England of Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I (1603)Act of SupremacyForeign PolicyConflict with SpainThe Spanish Armada (1588)Discussion QuestionsHow did the failings of the Catholic Church lead to the Reformation?What were