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Assessing Child and Youth Well-Being: Implications for Child Welfare Practice

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IntroductionNeed for Child and Youth Well-Being Assessment in Child WelfChallenges to Child and Youth Well-Being Assessments in ChilConceptual FrameworkWhile there are multiple approaches to understanding child wLiterature Review Search Criteria and StrategyTo illustrate the magnitude of the child assessment literatuMajor FindingsDomainIndividual AssessmentResilience and Coping AssessmentPopulation Survey/Program EvaluationImplications for PracticeSearch TermsDatabasesAcademic databases for books and articlesSystematic ReviewsResearch InstitutesConference ProceedingsInternetExcluded InstrumentsAge GroupAge GroupAge GroupAssessing Child and Youth Well-Being: Implications for Child Welfare Practice Christine Lou, M.S.W., BASSC Doctoral Research Assistant Elizabeth K. Anthony, Ph.D., BASSC Research Director Susan Stone, Ph.D., Research Consultant Catherine M. Vu, M.P.A., Doctoral Research Assistant Michael J. Austin, Ph.D., BASSC Staff Director September 2006 Bay Area Social Services Consortium School of Social Welfare University of California, BerkeleyThe Center for Social Services Research (CSSR) in the School of Social Welfare at the University of California at Berkeley conducts research, policy analysis, program planning, and evaluation toward the improvement of the publicly supported social services. The focus of the Center is on populations who are considered needy or disadvantaged, including victims of child abuse and neglect, the chronically mentally ill, the aged, the medically indigent, and the poor. Housed at CSSR, the Research Response Team of the Bay Area Social Services Consortium (BASSC) was organized in 1995 to respond rapidly to the emerging needs of county social service agencies for information for their changing environments. Structured reviews of the research literature are undertaken in close collaboration with agency administrators and program staff. BASSC was founded in 1987 and is composed of the Directors of Bay Area county social service and human service agencies, deans of the Bay Area graduate social work departments, and foundation representatives. The BASSC Research Response Team would like to thank the members of the BASSC Research Advisory Committee: Margaret Ahern, Sonoma County Human Services Department; Maureen Borland, Former Director, San Mateo County Human Services Agency; Kilolo Brodie, California State University, East Bay; Christopher Cassels, Solano County Health & Welfare; Danna Fabella, Contra Costa County; Shaaron Gilson, University of California, Berkeley; Alexis Halley, San Mateo County Human Services Agency; Will Johnson, Alameda County Social Services; Dan Kelly, City & County of San Francisco; Liz Knox, San Francisco State University; Felicia Law-Murray, San Francisco State University; Rodger Lum, San Francisco State University; Heather Ravani, Marin County Health & Welfare; Cynthia Ambar, Santa Clara County Social Services Agency; Robert Taniguchi, Monterey County Department of Social Services; Jennifer Yasumoto, Napa County Health and Human Services; Judy Yokel, Santa Cruz County Human Resources Agency. The involvement of these Research Advisory Committee members in shaping the study and providing feedback on study results and final reports was invaluable. 2Introduction Current guidelines for family assessment from the Children’s Bureau of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 2006) recommend the use of a comprehensive assessment of individual children and youth to guide service planning and delivery. A key component of the assessment process is the concept of child well-being and its systematic measurement. Although the Children’s Bureau has consistently included child well-being as one of its three primary goals for child welfare services, the goals of safety and of permanency have traditionally been the principal indicators of program success and, accordingly, represent the most concretely defined and measurable outcomes in child welfare policy and practice (Altshuler & Gleeson, 1999). However, with the passage of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA), well-being has moved to the forefront of child welfare reform, policy development, and program evaluation (Wulczyn, Barth, Yuan, Harden, & Landsberk, 2005). The ASFA explicitly and legislatively mandates that the outcome of child well-being be actively pursued and regularly assessed. These two directives of assessment and outcome indicate the need for identifying and for developing standard assessment tools for use with children and youth by child welfare workers in order to develop and monitor service plans that are rooted in the concept of child well-being. Child and youth assessments are related to both risk and family assessment, namely constructs of risk for deleterious child/youth outcomes and family functioning for identifying problematic behaviors and ecological difficulties. Two previous structured reviews, Risk and Safety Assessment in Child Welfare: Instrument Comparisons and Family Assessment in Child Welfare Services: Instrument Comparisons, address the array of valid and reliable instruments. However, the purpose of this review is to utilize the strengths-based and well-being perspectives to identify valid and reliable assessment tools for use in child welfare practice. The introduction to this structured review of the literature is divided into three sections. The first section provides an overview of the need for assessing child and youth well-being in child welfare, the existing and potential uses of such assessments, and the challenges related to utilization. The second section highlights the concept of well-being and how it was used to develop the criteria for inclusion/exclusion of reviewed measures 3and assess existing guidelines for the evaluation of measures. The third section is a brief description of the framework and methodology of the review. The remainder of the report includes major findings and implications for practice. Need for Child and Youth Well-Being Assessment in Child Welfare The impetus for assessing child and youth well-being in child welfare is the convergence of conceptual changes, policy directives, and practical concerns that have surfaced in recent years. In response to the shortcomings of the deficit- and pathology-based model that has guided social work policy and practice in the past, the field has undergone a paradigm shift towards incorporating


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