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Chapter 36Notation for Mirrors and LensesImagesTypes of ImagesImages Formed by Flat MirrorsImages Formed by Flat Mirrors, 2Images Formed by Flat Mirrors, 3Active Figure 36.2Images Formed by Flat Mirrors, 4Lateral MagnificationLateral Magnification of a Flat MirrorReversals in a Flat MirrorReversals, cont.Properties of the Image Formed by a Flat Mirror – SummaryApplication – Day and Night Settings on Auto MirrorsSpherical MirrorsConcave Mirror, NotationParaxial RaysSpherical AberrationImage Formed by a Concave MirrorSlide 21Focal LengthFocal Point, cont.Focal Point and Focal Length, cont.Focal Length Shown by Parallel RaysConvex MirrorsImage Formed by a Convex MirrorSign ConventionsSign Conventions, Summary TableRay DiagramsDrawing a Ray DiagramThe Rays in a Ray Diagram – Concave MirrorsNotes About the RaysRay Diagram for a Concave Mirror, p > RRay Diagram for a Concave Mirror, p < fThe Rays in a Ray Diagram – Convex MirrorsRay Diagram for a Convex MirrorActive Figure 36.13Notes on ImagesImages Formed by RefractionImages Formed by Refraction, 2Images Formed by Refraction, 3Sign Conventions for Refracting SurfacesFlat Refracting SurfacesActive Figure 36.18LensesImages from LensesLocating the Image Formed by a LensLocating the Image Formed by a Lens, Image From Surface 1Locating the Image Formed by a Lens, Image From Surface 2Image Formed by a Thick LensImage Formed by a Thin LensLens Makers’ EquationThin Lens EquationNotes on Focal Length and Focal Point of a Thin LensFocal Length of a Converging LensFocal Length of a Diverging LensDetermining Signs for Thin LensesSign Conventions for Thin LensesMagnification of Images Through a Thin LensThin Lens ShapesMore Thin Lens ShapesRay Diagrams for Thin Lenses – ConvergingRay Diagram for Converging Lens, p > fRay Diagram for Converging Lens, p < fRay Diagrams for Thin Lenses – DivergingRay Diagram for Diverging LensActive Figure 36.26Image SummaryFresnal LensFresnal Lens, cont.Combinations of Thin LensesCombination of Thin Lenses, 2Two Lenses in ContactTwo Lenses in Contact, cont.Combination of Thin Lenses, exampleSlide 77Lens AberrationsSlide 79Chromatic AberrationThe CameraCamera OperationCamera Operation, IntensityCamera, f-numbersCamera, f-numbers, cont.Camera, Depth of FieldDigital CameraThe EyeThe Eye – Parts, cont.The Eye – Close-up of the CorneaThe Eye – Parts, finalThe Eye – OperationThe Eye – Operation, cont.The Eye – Near and Far PointsThe Eye – Seeing ColorsConditions of the EyeFarsightednessCorrecting FarsightednessNearsightednessCorrecting NearsightednessPresbyopia and AstigmatismDioptersSimple MagnifierThe Size of a Magnified ImageAngular MagnificationAngular Magnification, cont.Magnification by a LensCompound MicroscopeCompound Microscope, cont.Active Figure 36.41Magnifications of the Compound MicroscopeOther Considerations with a MicroscopeTelescopesRefracting TelescopeActive Figure 36.42Angular Magnification of a TelescopeDisadvantages of Refracting TelescopesReflecting TelescopeReflecting Telescope, Newtonian FocusExamples of TelescopesChapter 36Image FormationNotation for Mirrors and LensesThe object distance is the distance from the object to the mirror or lensDenoted by pThe image distance is the distance from the image to the mirror or lensDenoted by qThe lateral magnification of the mirror or lens is the ratio of the image height to the object heightDenoted by MImagesImages are always located by extending diverging rays back to a point at which they intersectImages are located either at a point from which the rays of light actually diverge or at a point from which they appear to divergeTypes of ImagesA real image is formed when light rays pass through and diverge from the image pointReal images can be displayed on screensA virtual image is formed when light rays do not pass through the image point but only appear to diverge from that pointVirtual images cannot be displayed on screensImages Formed by Flat MirrorsSimplest possible mirrorLight rays leave the source and are reflected from the mirrorPoint I is called the image of the object at point OThe image is virtualImages Formed by Flat Mirrors, 2A flat mirror always produces a virtual imageGeometry can be used to determine the properties of the imageThere are an infinite number of choices of direction in which light rays could leave each point on the objectTwo rays are needed to determine where an image is formedImages Formed by Flat Mirrors, 3One ray starts at point P, travels to Q and reflects back on itselfAnother ray follows the path PR and reflects according to the law of reflectionThe triangles PQR and P’QR are congruentActive Figure 36.2Use the active figure to move the objectObserve the effect on the imagePLAYACTIVE FIGUREImages Formed by Flat Mirrors, 4To observe the image, the observer would trace back the two reflected rays to P’Point P’ is the point where the rays appear to have originatedThe image formed by an object placed in front of a flat mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror|p| = |q|Lateral MagnificationLateral magnification, M, is defined as This is the general magnification for any type of mirrorIt is also valid for images formed by lensesMagnification does not always mean bigger, the size can either increase or decreaseM can be less than or greater than 1Image heightObject height'hMh≡ =Lateral Magnification of a Flat MirrorThe lateral magnification of a flat mirror is +1This means that h’ = h for all imagesThe positive sign indicates the object is uprightSame orientation as the objectReversals in a Flat MirrorA flat mirror produces an image that has an apparent left-right reversalFor example, if you raise your right hand the image you see raises its left handReversals, cont.The reversal is not actually a left-right reversalThe reversal is actually a front-back reversalIt is caused by the light rays going forward toward the mirror and then reflecting back from itProperties of the Image Formed by a Flat Mirror – SummaryThe image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front|p| = |q|The image is unmagnifiedThe image height is the same as the object heighth’ = h and M = +1The image is virtualThe image is uprightIt has the same orientation as the objectThere is a front-back reversal in the imageApplication
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