Processes and ThreadsHow to run a programProcesses and Threads (revisited)Processes and Threads (cont)State DiagramComplete State DiagramMultiple Threads and ProcessesSynchronization ExampleMore on SynchronizationUsing SemaphoresTypes of SynchronizationDeadlocksDining PhilosophersIntro to OS CUCS MosséProcesses and Threads•What is a process? What is a thread? What types?•A program has one or more locus of execution. Each execution is called a thread of execution. The set of threads comprise a process.•Not an object or executable files: must be executing•Each thread contains:–an instruction pointer (IP), a register with next instruction.–a stack for temporary data (eg, return addresses, parameters)–a data area for data declared globally and statically•A process/thread is active, while a program is not.Intro to OS CUCS MosséHow to run a program•The executable code is loaded onto memory (where?)•Space is allocated to variables (what types of vars?)•A stack is allocated to the process (for what?)•Registers are updated (which registers?)•Control (of execution) goes to the process (how?)•Process runs one instruction at a time, in a cycle:–fetch the instruction from memory–decode the instruction–update the IP–execute the instructionIntro to OS CUCS MosséProcesses and Threads (revisited)•Address space: memory reserved for a process•A heavyweight process has a single locus of execution per address space, a single IP, a single PCB•A Process Control Block (PCB) contains information pertaining to the process itself–state (running, ready, etc)–registers and flags (stack pointer, IP, etc)–resource information (memory/CPU usage, open files, etc)–process ID–security and protection information–accounting info (who to bill, limits, similar to resource info)Intro to OS CUCS MosséProcesses and Threads (cont)•Thread (lightweight process) of a process share some resources (e.g., memory, open files, etc)•Threads have their own stack, IP, local address space•With only a single process in memory, easy to manage•For example, if a process requests IO (eg, read from keyboard), it just stays in the memory waiting•Several threads or processes complicate things; when IO is requested, why make other processes wait?•Context switching takes place… take a waiting thread “out of the CPU” and put a thread that is ready in CPUIntro to OS CUCS MosséState Diagram•Create: PCB and other resources are setup•End: resources held are returned to the OS (freed)•Context switching: saves HW context; updates PCB•States are typically implemented as queues, lists, setsendreadyblockedrunningcreatedispatchQuantumexpired IOcompleted IOrequestedprocesscompletedprocessinitializedIntro to OS CUCS MosséThese two states check for sufficientresources in the systemComplete State Diagramprocessstartedendreadyblockedrunningcreate IOcompleted IOrequestedprocesscompletedadmissioncontrolsuspendedprocesssubmittedtemporarysuspensionprocessreturnsdispatchQuantumexpiredIntro to OS CUCS MosséMultiple Threads and Processes•Several problems with multitasking:–fairness in usage of CPU–fairness in usage of other resources–coordinated input and output–lack of progress (deadlocks and livelocks)–synchronization: access to the same data item by several processes/threads (typical example, deposits into account)Intro to OS CUCS MosséSynchronization Example•At time t=6 T2 requests the withdrawal of $200 (and gets preempted); at t=8 T1 requests the deposit of $200; t=9, T1 reads balance ($300); at t=10, T2 adds $200, at t=11, T1 writes new balance; at t=12, T2 resumes and reads balance; at t=13, T2 subtracts $200; at t=14, T2 writes new balance•What if order was changed: 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 10, 11?•Other combinations?6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ...T2req T1req T1r T1c T1w T2r T2c T2wIntro to OS CUCS MosséMore on Synchronization•Semaphores and primitives serve to achieve mutual exclusion and synchronized access to resources•Clearly, there is more delays associated with attemp-ting to access a resource protected by semaphores•Non-preemptive scheduling solves that problem•As an aside:–Which scheduling mechanism is more efficient? Preemptive or non-preemptive?–Within each type of scheduling (pr or non-pr), one can choose which policy he/she wants to useIntro to OS CUCS MosséUsing Semaphores•When threads use semaphores, they are attempting to reserve a resource for usage. Only the threads that succeed are allowed in the CS.•If there is a thread in the CS already, other requesting threads are blocked, waiting on an event•When the thread exits the CS, the OS unblocks the waiting thread, typically during the V(s) sys_call•The now unblocked thread becomes ready•The OS may decide to invoke the scheduler… or notIntro to OS CUCS MosséTypes of Synchronization•There are 2 basic types of sync:P1::P(s1)…V(s1)P2::P(s1)…V(s1)P2::P(s2)…V(s1)P1::P(s1)…V(s2)MUTEXBARRIER SYNCIntro to OS CUCS MosséDeadlocks•When a program is written carelessly, it may cause a…•DEADLOCK!!!•Each process will waitfor the other processindefinitely•How can we deal withthese abnormalities?•Avoidance, prevention, or detection and resolution•Which one is more efficient?P1::P(s1)P(s2)…V(s2)V(s1)P2::P(s2)P(s1)…V(s1)V(s2)Intro to OS CUCS MosséDining Philosophers•There were some hungry philosophers, and some angry philosophers (not the same, not Rastas)•Each needed two forks, each shared both his/her forks•Possible deadlock situation! HOW?•Is it possible to have a (literally) starvation situation?•What is the best solution?–Round-robin? FIFO? How good are FIFO and RR?• Important: what is the metric to judge a solution by?–Least overhead? Minimum starvation?–How to evaluate
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