Human Factors in HCI DesignPervasive Computing: Technology-Centric ViewPervasive Computing: Human-Centric ViewHuman-Computer InterfacingHistory of ComputersHistory: Physical Interfacing 1History: Physical Interfacing 2History: Physical Interfacing 3History: Syntactic Interfacing 1History: Syntactic Interfacing 2History: Semantic InterfacingThe Attention DivideHCI Design – Involving the UserHCI Design GuidelinesReflexive ConsiderationsReflexive Performance Studies: Evaluation and ModelingCognitive ConsiderationsSocial and Organizational ConsiderationsPrototyping and EvaluationFuture ChallengesReferencesHuman Factors in HCI DesignHuman Factors in HCI DesignCham, Tat-JenCham, Tat-JenAssociate Professor / SMA-CS FellowAssociate Professor / SMA-CS FellowSchool of Computer EngineeringSchool of Computer EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Technological Universityhttp://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/astjchamhttp://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/astjchamPervasive Computing:Pervasive Computing:Technology-Centric ViewTechnology-Centric ViewSMA5508 /MIT6.893StudentPython-GTKGladeLinuxIntelligentagentsBayesiannetworksSmartroomsWi-FiBluetooth3GseamlesshandoveriPAQs /handheldsProjection /OLEDdisplaysMixed-realitysystemsSpeech recognition[speaker (in)dependent,isolated vs continuous speech,HMMs]Computer vision[which really has nothing to dowith user’s visual system]Grid computingSecurity /data protectionHaptic Interfaces[force-feedback mechanisms]Pervasive Computing:Pervasive Computing:Human-Centric ViewHuman-Centric ViewSmith /LimWhen is my next appointment with John?I’d really like to have a face-to-face conversation with Sarah in Europe, nowIsn’t that football game on now? I’d love to watch itWhat are recent statistics of patients with the symptoms of Bob here?What’s the fastest way home to get out of this traffic jam?Heck, the pilot’s down with food poisoning. How can I land this plane?!Human-Computer InterfacingHuman-Computer InterfacingPhysical InterfaceSyntactic InterfaceSemantic Interfacekeyboards, mice, display, stylus,device form factors, microphoneshell commands + arguments, menus, icons, keyboard shortcuts, drag-n-drop, speech, gestures, handwritingdataflow, scientific visualization, financial accounting, remote communicationHistory of ComputersHistory of ComputersNotNot the usual stuf the usual stufNumber of transistorsNumber of transistorsFaster speedsFaster speedsSmaller sizesSmaller sizesPower efficiencyPower efficiencyWhat about the user interfaces…What about the user interfaces…History: Physical Interfacing 1History: Physical Interfacing 1Abacus – 3000 BCPascalene – 1642Babbage Difference Engine – 1832History: Physical Interfacing 2History: Physical Interfacing 2ENIAC – 1946IBM 650 – 1953DEC PDP-1 – 1960History: Physical Interfacing 3 History: Physical Interfacing 3 Engelbart’s Workstation – 1966TRS-80 / Apple II– 1978IBM PC – 1981Xerox Star -- 1979Macintosh – 1985New iMac – 2001History: Syntactic Interfacing 1History: Syntactic Interfacing 1History: Syntactic Interfacing 2History: Syntactic Interfacing 2History: Semantic InterfacingHistory: Semantic InterfacingVisiCalc MS ExcelMatlabQuickenThe Attention DivideThe Attention DivideEarly EraMid EraLate EraFuture?HCI Design – Involving the UserHCI Design – Involving the UserDifficult to define HCI requirements specifications Difficult to define HCI requirements specifications before-handbefore-handEven harder in the pervasive computing eraEven harder in the pervasive computing eraIterative rather than open-loop development Iterative rather than open-loop development processprocesse.g. Star Model (Hartson & Hix, 1989) c.f. Waterfall Modele.g. Star Model (Hartson & Hix, 1989) c.f. Waterfall ModelPrototypingPrototypingImplementationImplementationTask / functionalanalysisTask / functionalanalysisConceptual /formal designConceptual /formal designRequirementsspecificationRequirementsspecificationEvaluationEvaluationHCI Design GuidelinesHCI Design GuidelinesReflexive (Motor-Sensory)Reflexive (Motor-Sensory)Minimize brain cycles needed to use the Minimize brain cycles needed to use the interface (“muscle memory”)interface (“muscle memory”)CognitiveCognitiveAllows users to harness intuitive, Allows users to harness intuitive, problem-solving skillsproblem-solving skillsSocial / OrganizationalSocial / OrganizationalMeet requirements for multi-person Meet requirements for multi-person interactioninteractionReflexive ConsiderationsReflexive ConsiderationsIntuition versus learningIntuition versus learningsimplicity versus completeness simplicity versus completeness / efficiency?/ efficiency?Accuracy-speed tradeofAccuracy-speed tradeofROC curveROC curveUser feedbackUser feedbackvisual, aural, tactilevisual, aural, tactileMotor-sensory channel Motor-sensory channel separationseparatione.g. is gaze cursor control a e.g. is gaze cursor control a good interface?good interface?ErgonomicsErgonomicsMinimize physical strain on Minimize physical strain on usersusersTwiddlerHP Tablet PCwww.eyegaze.comwww.5dt.comReflexive Performance Studies: Reflexive Performance Studies: Evaluation and ModelingEvaluation and ModelingEvaluations are typically based on timing Evaluations are typically based on timing experimentsexperimentsKeystroke-Level ModelKeystroke-Level ModelCard, Moran & Newell 1980Card, Moran & Newell 1980Task time = Task time = ΣΣ (unit tasks time) (unit tasks time)Unit tasks: Keystroking, Pointing,Unit tasks: Keystroking, Pointing,Homing, Drawing, Mental, ResponseHoming, Drawing, Mental, ResponseModified Fitts’ LawModified Fitts’ LawApplicable to pointing tasksApplicable to pointing tasksSteering Law Steering Law ((Accot & Zhai 1997Accot & Zhai 1997))Navigation of menusNavigation of menus 1thtarget widdistancelogtimemovement2baImages from Buxton 2003Cognitive ConsiderationsCognitive ConsiderationsMetaphorsMetaphorsInfo visualizationInfo visualizationVisual programmingVisual programmingAnthropomorphismAnthropomorphismCognitive loadCognitive loadFatigue, stress of taskFatigue, stress of taskautomation vs user choiceautomation vs user choiceFocus of attentionFocus of attentionmulti-taskingmulti-taskinghow easy is it to return to how easy is it to return to a suspended task?a suspended task?User ModelingUser ModelingInterfaces tailored to Interfaces tailored to individualsindividualsMSR data mountainKhoros – CantataHP CRL –Smart KioskSocial and
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