History 109 Midterm Study Guide1) Influence of geography on Latin America: geography is about the people, landforms, and resources. The geography has helped produce extremely uneven population density and harsh conditions. It is twice the size of the U.S.Located on equator. Location of the Andes mountains and amazon river which helps navigation. Atacama Desert is driest region on earth. Half of latin America is forested. Climate leads to frequent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, punishing hurricanes, and deadly avalanches. These result from sitting atop five active tectonic plates. 2) Inca Empire: largest, oldest, and best organized of the indigenous civilizations. Located in the Andes. Run without the benefit or hindrance of written accounts or records. Quipu: cords upon which knots were made to record information. Used to record mathematical data, inventories, tribute records, and royal chronicles. Language was Quechua. Waving, pottery, medicine, and agriculture were magnificent achievements. 3) Conquest: conquest of the new world was primarily a private venture. Companies of men outfitted themselves, borrowing money or buying supplieson credit, and would be paid with a share of the wealth they found. They were primarily literate commoners, lower ranking professionals, and noblemen, taking a chance to acquire wealth and prestige. 4) Reconquista: 5) Portuguese Exploration: Portugal led the quest for new trade routes and became Europe’s foremost sea power, due to its fortunate location. 6) Encomienda: institution borrowed from reconquista, whose forces had been paid by giving them control over a group of laborers. 7) Social status among latin American colonies: patriarchal society, giving ultimate status to men over women, children and laborers. System was color coded- topped by whites, beneath them were mixed, and the bottom was indigenous and blacks. 8) Catholic Church: colonial bureaucracy taught Indian conversion- often combined local and catholic sacraments. Prepared Indians for monogamy andmodesty, daily labor, and political organization. The church and state helped education, rebuilt villages, hospitals, clean water, acted as bank.9) Literature: missions purposefully placed on edge of cleared land, first to establish schools, Jesuits dominated elite education, church also established higher education. 10) Sugar Industry: cane went to egenhos for production. Egenhos were only onlarger estates. Long process—18 months to mature, harvest every 9 months, cut by hand and transported long distances, cane pressed and syrup boiled, dried into cones for shipping. 11) Bourbon Reforms: essay question12) comparison of governements in Spanish and Portuguese rule: 13) conservatives v.s. liberals: Liberals—looked to U.S as model and favored democracy. Maintained interest in the rights of man. Demanded an end to the church’s temporal powers and advocated a transfer of power to the newnational governments. Conservatives—looked to europes constitutional monarchies. Lauded centralism and defended a hierarchial society. Approved of privileges and prerogatives of the church, felt more comfortable with a controlled or regulated economic system including forced labor. Wanted to limit political participation in fear that openness would lead to chaos. 14) Caudillisimo: 15) Hidalgo revolt: Parish priest. Well educated and highly influenced by enlighenment. Advanced social ideas. Believed church had a social mission to perform and a duty to improve the lot of the downtrodden. Taught Indians writing against Spanish wishes.16) Independence movements and leaders: 17) Colonial Legacy: 18) modernity and stability: 19) monoculture: 20) UFCO: 21) miscegenation: 22) wealth distribution: 23) Caudilo Leaders: 24)