BeethovenClassical TimelineReview of periods of Music History so far...Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827)Slide 6Slide 7Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67Slide 9PowerPoint PresentationSecond MovementThird MovementFourth MovementSymphony No. 9ImplicationsSlide 16Heligenstadt TestamentSlide 18Haydn, Mozart, BeethovenAbsolute PitchSlide 21Relative PitchSlide 23Romantic PeriodRomantic ThemesSlide 26Romantic HarmonyRomantic RhythmRomantic MiniaturesSlide 30Erlkonig p. 179ErlkonigSetting Text to MusicSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Large-scale Romantic worksSymphonie FantastiqueSymphonic PoemSlide 45The MoldauSlide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Romantic OperaItalian OperaGerman Music DramaBeethovenAnd the Romantic Period1820-1900Classical Timeline1732Haydn’sbirth1750Bach’sDeath1756Mozart’sbirth1709Piano inventedBAROQUECLASSICAL1770Beethoven’sbirth1791Mozart’sdeath1827Beethoven’sdeath160017501825Haydn 1732-1809Mozart 1756-1791Beethoven 1770-1827ROMANTICReview of periods of Music History so far...•1600-1900 Common Practice Period •1600-1750 Baroque (invention of opera and beginning of Common Practice Period to death of Bach) •1750-1825 Classical (death of Bach to Beethoven's second period) •1820-1900 Romantic (Beethoven's second period to twentieth century)Ludwig van Beethoven•1770-1827Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827)•Early Period (up to 1802). Follows the language of Haydn - Classical styleLudwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827)•Middle Period (1802-1815) - Heroic period, fiery music, dramatic, Symphony No. 5Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827)•Late Period (after 1815) - introspective, very complex, intimate performing forces (piano, string quartet)Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67•1. Psychological Progression - Moves from the key of C Minor to C Major•2. Driving Rhythm - Propells you forward throughout the form•3. Motivic Consistency (Short Short Short Long - - - – ) is found in each movementSymphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67•First movement - modified Sonata Allegro Form•Compile a list of ways that the traditional Sonata Allegro form was changed by Beethoven. Why did he make these changes?ExpositionDevelopmentRecapitulationCodaBigcadencehome keyhome keyhome keynew keyTheme 1Theme 2Pauseand change of moodThemes brokeninto fragmentsConstantmodulationPolyphonic textureNO HOME KEY(Running out of steam)Transition modulates (listen to the descending bass line)Theme 1Theme 2Transitionno change of key(no modulation)closing sectionclosing sectionSonata - Allegro FormThis Is The EndThe Expositionis then repeatedSecond Movement•Theme and Variations - typically A A1 A2 A3 etc.•Beethoven: A B A1 B1 A2 B2 etc. Varying two themes.•B theme is - - - –Third Movement•Typically Minuet and Trio: ABA•Beethoven replaces the Minuet (moderate triple meter dance) with SCHERZO, a much faster triple meter dance (means ‘joke’ or ‘jest’) •A (Minuet/Scherzo): a a b a1 b a1 •B (Trio): c c d c1 d c1 •A (Minuet/Scherzo):a a b a1•Notice - no break as we move to the fourth movement - attacaFourth Movement•Typically a lighter form, easier to listen to (usually Rondo)•Beethoven brings back Sonata Allegro Form for the final movement!!•C Major - much brighter key (psychological implications)•Brings back ‘b’ theme from 3rd Movement right before the recapitulationSymphony No. 9•“Ode to Joy” melody as theme of Fourth Movement.•Mentioned in 1793 as interested in setting An de Freude to music.•Symphony No. 9 premiered in 1825.•Added voices to the orchestra.Implications•Voices in a symphony?•Symphony - multi-movement work for orchestra.•Last symphony Beethoven composed. Is this the direction he thought the symphony would/should go?Beethoven•1770-1827•Pianist as well as composer•Studied with Haydn•Lost his hearing•9 symphonies•Bridge between Classical and Romantic periodsHeligenstadt Testament•Note from Beethoven to his brothers.•Believed to be his “suicide note”.•Introduced revolutionary ideas that interested and influenced later composers.Heligenstadt Testament•Music is an Art•Patience as a composer•Reconciling the world after his death (medical records of his diagnosis)•Hasten to meet death•Artist in isolation•Suffering• Forced to become a philosopherHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven•Considered among the list of composers from the Viennese School •Wrote string quartets, piano sonatas, operas, and symphonies•Knew each other •How many symphonies did each compose? 100+; 50+; 9Absolute PitchAbsolute Pitch•The ability to identify a pitch (note) with no other reference.•Rare in most people.•Rare in musicians! 10% have this ability.Relative PitchRelative Pitch•The ability to identify a pitch (note) after being given an initial reference pitch.•The pitch is then identified in “relation” to the reference pitch.•A skill that is developed (and expected) in musicians.Romantic Period•1820-1900•(Beethoven died in 1827, so is really a “bridge” into the Romantic period)Romantic Themes•Themes of nostalgia •Freedom (Revolutions and upheavals) •Nature - Industrial Revolution forces masses to move to cities. Nature is idealized. •Fascination with the Macabre, Death •Exoticism - not here and now, foreign countries, distant times Importance of the individual and freedom •Dramatic - emotion and expressionRomantic ThemesBreakdown of Artistic BarriersNationalism - pride of larger conquering nations vs. heritage of the smaller countries that were being conqueredEndless Search for New Forms of Expression - after Beethoven, what more is there to do in composing a [symphony, string quartet, sonata, etc.]Romantic Harmony•Chromaticism - notes other than the standard notes in the scale that are added in for “color”.•Romantic harmony is more full, thick, colorful, surprising, deep, etc. than Classical harmony. Tonality (key) is “stretched”.Romantic Rhythm•Rubato - modifying the tempo for expressive purposes. Speeding up or slowing down. “Robbed time”Romantic Miniatures•Small scale (short works played by 1 or 2 performers) •1. Piano character piece - short piece for piano solo that is not developed. It just introduces a mood, idea, theme, or “character”.Romantic Miniatures•2. Lied - a Song - only voice with piano accompaniment•Schubert’s Erlkönig