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ECU BIOL 1050 - Nutrients
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BIOL 1050 Lecture 7Outline of Last LectureI. Food Energya. Caloriesb. Metabolic ratec. Basal metabolic rateII. Weighta. Underweighti. Effectsb. Overweighti. Effectsc. BMIOutline of Current LectureI. Nutrientsa. Macronutrientsi. Carbohydratesii. Lipidsiii. Proteinsb. Micronutrientsi. Vitaminsii. MineralsCurrent LectureI. Nutrientsa. Healthy nutrition requires proper levels of macro- and micro- nutrientsb. Macronutrients include:i. Waterii. Carbohydrates1. Main energy source (provide energy to fuel movement, growth and all cellular activity in the body) 2. Comes from fruits vegetables and grains3. Depending on their structure, dietary carbohddrates can lead to quick-but-brief or slow-but-persistent increases in blood sugar4. Simple sugars=monosaccharides5. Complex carbohydrates= polysaccharidesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Polysaccharidesi. Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose1. Glucose in your blooda. Energy is needed then molecular bonds are broken and energy is releasedb. Energy is not needed then it goes to energy storage for short term where it is linked together to form glycogenorc. Stored for long term and is converted into fatb. Indigestible carbsi. Cellulose and chitin (2 Polysaccharides)ii. “Dietary fiber” in fruits, vegetables in whole grainsiii. Cannot b digested or absorbed but good for digestive tractc. Carbs and wateri. Almost all carbohydrates are hydrophilic or water-lovingii. Adhere quickly to wateriii. *Plants store excess energy in the form of starchiii. Lipids1. Lipids are hydrophobic, they do not mix with water2. Ex: vinegar and oil, lava lamps3. Lipids include fats, sterols, phospholipids, and waxa. Fatsi. Functions:1. Long-term energy storage2. Cushions vital organs3. Insulates the skinii. Saturated vs. unsaturated fat1. Fatty acid is saturated if it has the maximumnumber of hydrogens bonded to the carbonsa. Fatty acids have straight tails and canbe packed together tightlyb. Tend to be solid at room temperaturec. More likely to be stored as fat in the body2. Fatty acid is unsaturated if it has at least onecarbon to carbon double bonda. Fatty acids have kinked tails and cannot be packed together tightlyb. Tend to be liquid at room temperaturec. Less likely to be stored as fat in the bodyiii. Trans fats1. Unsaturated fats + hydrogen =saturated fat; process called hydrogenation2. Hydrogenation keeps food from spoiling andmakes it seem less greasy3. Process creates trans fats which are unhealthyb. Sterolsi. Regulate growth and developmentii. Ex: estrogen and testosteroneiii. Cholesterol= the “base steroid” from which our bodies produce other steroidsiv. Anabolic Steroids1. Synthetic form of testosterone2. Mimics some of testosterone’s effects3. Can cause serious physical and mental problemsiv. Proteins1. Diverse functions: a. Main structural component of lifeb. Enzymes are proteins that assist in chemical reactions2. Made up of amino acids (20 different kinds)3. Each unique sequence of aa leads to a different shape protein4. Protein shapea. Shape determines functionb. Temperature of pH can change shape=denaturationi. Disrupts function5. Proteins broken down in digestion to component amino acids a. Used as building blocks6. Some amino acids can be made by the body7. Others must be acquired by dieta. These are the “essential amino acids”8. Protein is raw material for growtha. Functioni. Once proteins are broken down the amino acids areused as the raw materials to build new complex proteins such as hemoglobin and muscleb. Sourcei. Animals: egg whites, shrimp, tuna, poultry, meatii. Plants: grains and vegetables such as beansc. Storagei. Amino acids are usually stored for less than half a day before being reassembled into proteins ii. throughout the body can be converted to fat and stored in fat cellsc. Micronutrients include:i. Vitamins1. Are complex nutrients that contain carbon and are needed only in very small quantities to assist enzymes2. Can get from pills or food but food is better3. Plants are also good sourcesii. Minerals1. Are non-carbon containing atoms necessary to assist enzymes2. Ex: sodium, potassium, iron, calcium,


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ECU BIOL 1050 - Nutrients

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