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STUDY GUIDE FOR MIDSEMESTER EXAM FOR ENG 312: ENGLISH IN ITS SOCIAL SETTING; COVERING Vocabulary--Plus High School and Up: A Source-Based Approach by Alleen and Don Nilsen (Allyn and Bacon, 2004).Borrowing from: French, German, Latin, Spanish, Arabic, American Indian LanguagesContrast: Conceptual Metaphors vs. Source-Based Metaphors, Lexical Categories vs. Grammatical Categories, Bound vs. Free Morphemes, Ambiguity vs. Paraphrase vs. Anomaly, Pun vs. Metaphor, Right vs. Left Metaphors, Black vs. White MetaphorsDefinitions: Matrix, Venn DiagramEtymological Intelligent Guessing: List four tests and tell which of these test is most important.Etymologies: Obi-Wan Error (e.g. IBM  HAL), pie, scape goat, SPAM, Trojan horse virus, UTSL, Vulcan Nerve PinchExamples: Acronyming, Amelioration, Antithesis, Blending, Clipping, Compounds, Eponyms, Generalization, Specialization, Metonymy, Part-of-Speech Change, Pejoration, Place Metaphors, SynecdocheExplanations: AD, AM, PM, PS, arpeggio, bias, biting off more than you can chew, bitter experience, blooming idiot, budding genius, canvassing a neighborhood, celebrity roast, cooking someone’s goose, corduroy, drum stick, fringe benefits, gravy train, grilling a witness, jumping out of the frying pan into the fire, Lotus Spread Sheet, mincing words, on pins and needles, patching someone through (telephone), seamy side of life, slicing a golf ball, peeling off some twenties, spicy movie, strawberry blond, supercilious, that’s how the cookie crumblesFolk Etymologies: guerilla warfare, hero sandwich, PidginLatin Equivalences: disheartened, heart attack, hearty greeting, horn of plenty, to learn by heart Numbers as Symbols: 180º, Catch 22, Heinz 57 Varieties, The Sabbath, Sixty minutes, V-8 JuiceSound Change: Draw a diagram of Grimm’s law and the Great English Vowel Change2-POINT METAPHOR EXAMPLES:ANIMAL METAPHORS: animal group, animal horn, animal home, animal tail, bear, bird, buffalo, cats, chicken, cow, crab, dog, donkey, female animal, fish, fox, goat, goose, horse, lion, male animal, mouce, monkey, pig, rat, sheep, tail, tiger, young animalBODY-PART METAPHORS: arm, back, body, butt, elbow, face, hair, head, kidney, neck, nose, foot, shoulder, skeleton, skin, tooth, throat (SEE ALSO LATIN METAPHORS)CLOTHING METAPHORS: apron, belt, boot, button, cap, coat, collar, cotton, crown, cuff, dress, glove, hood, lace, muff, pants, rag, shirt, shoe, shuttle, silk, skirt, sleeve, sock, spin,spur, string, thread, veil, vest, weave, wool (SEE ALSO LATIN METAPHORS)LATIN & GREEK METAPHORS: ambi (both), bi (two), bio (life), bursa (purse), cantare (singing), capillus (hair), caput (head), centum (100), cordis (heart), corona (crown), corpus (body), decem (10), dentes (tooth), dicere (speak), digitus (finger), duo (two), fructose (fruit), gen (birth), giga (billion), graphere (to write), jocus (joke), killo (1000), lexis (word), lingua (tongue), loquere (speak), manus (hand), mill (1000), mono (one), mortalis (death), nascent (birth), nihil (zero), novem (nine), oct (eight), oculis (eye), onyma (name), opus (work), parabola (comparison), pedis (foot), pent (five), phonus (sound), plangere (lament), primus (first), quere (ask), quattour (four), quinque (five), rhetorica (oratory), scribere (to write), semi- (half), hept (seven), hex (six), signum 1(mark), sonus (sound), spel (tale), spiritus (spirit), tonus (tension), tres (three), unus (one), vivere (life)LIVING, DYING & TIME METAPHORS: birth, death, life, give 5 euphemisms for death; give 5 flippantisms for death; give 5 Gothic movies; give 5 Gothic symbols (SEE LATIN & OLD ENGLISH METAPHORS)NUMBER METAPHORS: zero, half, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten (SEE LATIN METAPHORS & NUMBERS AS SYMBOLS)OLD ENGLISH METAPHORS: ban (bone), beran (give birth), gast (ghost), skeleton (skeleton)PLANT & FOOD METAPHORS: apple, branch, bread, bush, cultivate, egg, field, fruit, grain, hay, hedge, leaf, log, meat, muck, plant, stem, stick, straw, stump, thresh, trunk (SEE ALSO EXPLANATIONS)PREFIX & SUFFIX METAPHORS: anno (year), ante- (before), anti- (before), arch- (prototypical), bene- vs. mis- (good-bad), contra- (against), con- vs. dis- (with-away), de- (away), eu- vs. fore (first), mal- (good-bad), hyper- vs. hypo- (above-below), in- vs. ex- (toward-away from), in- (negative [note assimilation], maxi- vs. mini- (big-little), mega- (huge), micro- (diminutive), neo- (new), non- (negative), -or vs. –ee (agent-receiver), ortho- (straight), poly- (many), pre- vs. post- (before-after), pro- vs. con (for-against), re- again, super-sub (above-below), trans (across), un- (negative) PART-OF-SPEECH CHANGE: -ate, -y, -ion, -iousSENSE & COMMUNICATION METAPHORS: alphabet shape, bitter, communication, doubleentendre (linguistic & visual), hearing, musical instrument, salty, sight, smell, souer, taste, theatre, touch, voice, writing (SEE ALSO LATIN METAPHORS)10-Point Essay Questions (at least ½ page of small writing per answer) (Three of these will be asked): 1. Explain how and why the meanings of words change. Consider typical metaphorical sources and targets. Also consider denotation and connotation. 2. Explain how a knowledge of Grimm’s law and the Great English vowel shift helps you better understand words that have been borrowed into English from other languages. 3. Explain how color words such as black, white, red, yellow, blue, green, brown, grey, orange pink, and purple develop metaphorical meanings.4. Explain why English speakers use the Arabic number system rather than the Roman number


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ASU ENG 312 - Vocabulary

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