ANTH 210 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Holistic put together all that s known about human beings into one discipline comprehensive Comparative no single culture defines humanity Examine differences and similarities Evolutionary change is constant how we got to where we are today Adaptive flexible culture as means to adapt Scientific humanistic both scientific methods Human diversity and behaviors Archaeology Anthro of the past Material remains Prehistory cultural change over time Biological Physical Anthropology Human beings as biological organisms Strong links to physical sciences Linguistics Study of human language origins of language physical and culture Cultural Social Ethnography Applied Practicing Public Solving social problems with research Body ritual among Nacirema Reversing gaze of anthropologist Exotic strange are familiar Chapter 2 Edward Taylor Primitive Culture Obey natural laws can be studied scientifically Enculturation child learns from their culture Symbols no necessary natural connection to the things they stand for signify Culture reason for human adaptability Hominins humans not chimps and gorillas Manual dexterity and depth perception Estrus when females ovulate Psychic unity of man individuals differ in emotional and intellectual tendencies all human populations have equivalent capaciti4es for culture Universal all cultures Generalities several not all human groups Particularities certain cultural traditions Ethnocentrism own culture is superior opposing view cultural relativism Acculturations ongoing exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact Independent invention humans innovate Tourism is world s number one industry Humans think symbolically Culture Ethnocentrism and culture relativity Learned set of ideas and behaviors acquired as members of a society Definition has changes over time Late 19th century Why is there so much difference among societies and cultures of the world A variation due to different races Conflating culture with race Problematic biological basis for culture Legacy of colonialism Justifies domination Father of American Anthropology Frank Boas 1858 1942 People see things differently Example is color of sea water Immigrants in the United States high variety of different cultures Children adopt U S culture easily physiological changes Psychic unity of mankind We can all adapt and reject to cultures Culture is a means to satisfy human needs Variability Culture does not doom one to a particular way of life not deterministic A person learns their culture enculturation is the process Example is language We exist in a web of symbols Symbols give meaning are abstract and concrete Culture and Nature Expressing over biological urges through culture Eat drink elimination of waste sex sleep and rest Our way is natural proper Culture is all encompassing Nothing is trivial Pop Culture Aspects of culture are interrelated Change in one aspect can result changes in others American working women Culture is adaptive maladaptive Culture is not static it always shifts Evolutionary theory Hominids Anatomy tells the story we have evolved to be able to have culture and understand it Culture merges in conjunction with biological development Universal General Particular Cultural characteristics and their frequency Universal Family language laws social status gender roles kin groups units of time Generalities Nuclear family extended family Particularities Stem Family Is agency possible Yes Enculturation not cultural change Gives your culture to someone else Ethnocentrism Early anthropologists typed cultures from least to most civilize Belief that one s own culture is superior Most people believe this Anthropologists can be ethnocentric Richard B Lee Famous Anthropologist Death without Weeping Life in a Brazilian Favela Coping with poverty increase in infant mortality Why mothers let their children die before they take care of them Examine cultural practices within their cultural context Reserve judgment Equal respect Moral vs Methodological relativities Chapter 3 Ethnography deal with small populations Margaret Mead teen sexuality gender roles Sociologists industrial West Anthro nonindustrial Participant Observation taking part in events one is observing describing and analyzing Rapport good friendly working relationship based on personal contact Genealogical method understand social relations and reconstruct history Key cultural consultants experience talent and training can provide most complete or useful info about particular aspects of life Emic local oriented how local people think how they perceive the world Etic science oriented Bring an objective viewpoint Training can reduce but not completely take away objectivity Bronislaw Malinowski founder of ethnography Aspects of culture are linked and intertwined Longitudinal research study of an area or population based on repeated visits Studies a larger scale Survey research sampling impersonal data collection and statistical analysis People they study respondents Ethical issues must be considered with science Informed consent must be taken American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics Paramount importance study terrorism and violence Human Terrain System HTS Iraq and Afghanistan Anthropologists small scale society study totality of social life Ethical problems arise when government is involved Na ve Realism mistaken view that deep down everyone perceives the world in the same way This reflects Nice Girls Don t Talk to Rastas Ethnography is how we study culture How we study Anthropology Ethical considerations Obligations responsibilities to informants Guarantee no harm to the people in the study Narrative how to show field notes Delivers info and data Usually followed by analysis Research Problem Participant Observation is needed Living and working with informants Trying to become culturally fluent Film Off the Verandah concept Field Notes How data is recorded Always followed by transcription rewriting Will not remember everything you did saw write it down In depth Interviews Choose people that would help provide further data related to research problems Based on identifying informants with specific knowledge Analysis and Dissemination After Fieldwork Extracting data from field notes Recognizing patterns trends Revising theories Respect for persons Informed consent Consent forms maintain ethical standards Verbal consent easier to deal with easier to