Chapter 9—Philosophy and EducationMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Axiology is characterized by an emphasis on which of the following?a. questions about the physical universe and its originb. truths that are so universally accepted as to be considered self-evidentc. the nature and origin of truth and knowledged. the attempt to bring order to the process of reasoning2. Which of the following represents the branch of philosophy concerned with the way in which people come to know things?a. metaphysics c. logicb. axiology d. epistemology3. Rene Descartes' maxim, cogito ergo sum, is most closely linked with which philosophy?a. idealism c. pragmatismb. realism d. existentialism4. Which philosophy holds the expectation that teachers should be experts in their subject-matter and liberally educated so they might appreciate the place of their subject in relation to others?a. idealism c. pragmatismb. realism d. existentialism5. Which philosophy places the responsibilities that come with being a thinking being on the shoulders ofeach individual?a. idealism c. pragmatismb. realism d. existentialism6. "Back to Basics" and the idea that there are core skills and knowledge that all students should acquire for sustaining our social order is characteristic of which philosophy?a. perennialism c. progressivismb. essentialism d. social reconstructionism7. John Dewey is most closely associated with which of the following philosophical movements?a. perennialism c. progressivismb. essentialism d. social reconstructionism8. Which of the following philosophies suggests that teachers should have an affective emphasis and should engage students in questions of moral dilemmas as a means of understanding the implications of one's actions?a. perennialism c. progressivismb. essentialism d. social reconstructionism9. The text suggests that the growing use of computer-based programmed instruction along with an emphasis on character education represents a combining of behaviorism with which other psychological perspective?a. pragmatism c. humanismb. constructivism d. socialism10. Which of the following borrows from Piaget's idea of an ever-expanding and dynamic knowledge baseand from Vygotsky's notion of learning as an exercise in social interaction?a. behaviorism c. humanismb. constructivism d. socialism11. Which of the following is not among the four conceptual clusters within the domain of philosophy thatare discussed in the text?a. metaphysics c. ontologyb. axiology d. epistemology12. The text suggests that philosophies can be considered from various cultural perspectives, though all have ____ at their core.a. wisdom c. cultural heritageb. humanity d. creative thinking13. What branch of philosophy considers questions about the physical universe (e.g., the nature and origin of the physical world)?a. metaphysics c. axiologyb. logic d. epistemology14. Within the domain of logic, which of the following is a line of reasoning that proceeds from general principles to explain specific events?a. inductive reasoning c. deductive reasoningb. linear progression d. extrapolation15. With which philosophy is Socrates most closely related?a. idealism c. pragmatismb. realism d. existentialism16. Which of the following perspectives maintains that the truth, or knowledge, is something that exists and is not created, but rather is discovered?a. idealism c. pragmatismb. realism d. existentialism17. Of the following thinkers, which is most closely related to religious idealism?a. St. Thomas Aquinas c. Rene Descartesb. St. Jude d. St. Augustine18. Which perspective does the text suggest has governed much of the system of formal organized education?a. idealism c. pragmatismb. realism d. existentialism19. What thinker is most associated with classical realism?a. Socrates c. Aristotleb. Plato d. Berkeley20. What thinker is most closely associated with religious realism?a. St. Thomas Aquinas c. Rene Descartesb. St. Jude d. St. Augustine21. Which of the following perspectives focuses on seeking out processes that help people to reach desirable ends and includes a consideration of the consequences of those actions?a. existentialism c. social reconstructionismb. pragmatism d. axiology22. According to William James, why is it useless to assume that a single Truth or Absolute exists?a. Truth is known only by God.b. All people perceive Truth differently.c. The universe is in a state of becoming, and thus so is Truth.d. There is no Truth.23. With what does John Dewey suggest that genuine thought begins?a. an idea c. an argumentb. a problematic situation d. a decision to think24. The perspective that certain ideas and truths transcend time and are prevalent in the great literature of the ages is known as which of the following?a. existentialism c. perennialismb. essentialism d. progressivism25. Who was a leading 20th century proponent of the perennialist perspective?a. John Dewey c. Robert Maynard Hutchinsb. Horace Mann d. William C. Bagley26. Which perspective suggests that because behavior is caused, altering the surrounding circumstances also alters the behavior?a. behaviorism c. environmental impactb. humanism d. constructivism27. The behaviorist system of learning developed by B.F. Skinner is based on reinforcements known as which of the following types of conditioning?a. classical c. reinforcementb. reflexive d. operant28. When using behaviorist techniques in the classroom, a teacher seeks to replace ____ reinforcements with ____ reinforcements.a. intrinsic / extrinsic c. extrinsic / intrinsicb. conditioned / unconditioned d. unconditioned / conditioned29. A philosophy that emphasizes the value and meaning of education rather than the mere dissemination and acquisition of facts is known as which of the following?a. social reconstructionism c. humanismb. behaviorism d. constructivism30. Which of the following perspectives affords the teacher an opportunity to stimulate student thinking and then watch as students make meaningful connections between the lesson and their own experiences?a. social reconstructionism c. humanismb. behaviorism d. constructivismSHORT ANSWER1. What is the difference between morals and ethics?2. What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?3. Aristotle is a proponent of the Golden Mean. To what does this refer?4. The philosophical approach called pragmatism refers to what practice?5. In the 1940s and 1950s, two factors pointed to the need for more academic rigor in the schools. What were