Metabolic System and ExerciseReview Questions #1-3Review Question #4Review Question #5Review Question #6Review Questions #7, 8Review Question #9Review Question #10Literature Review TechniquesLiterature Review Techniques (continued)Slide 11Metabolic System & ExerciseAerobic vs. Anaerobic TrainingEnergy SystemsATPATP (continued)Slide 17ATP-PC Energy SourceATP-PC Energy Source (continued)ATP and PC During SprintingGlucose Breakdown and SynthesisBreakdown of Sugar (Glycolysis)Slide 23Role of Lactic AcidSlide 25Oxidative Energy SourceOxidative Production of ATPAerobic Glycolysis & Electron Transport ChainKrebs CycleOxidation of FatSlide 31Protein MetabolismEnergy Source InteractionOxidative CapacityReview IdeasReview Ideas (continued)Metabolic Adaptations to High Intensity TrainingMetabolic Adaptations to High Intensity Training (continued)Slide 39Slide 40Metabolic System and ExerciseEXS 558Lecture #4September 21, 2005Review Questions #1-3What is the primary role of hormones?Maintain homeostasisMost hormone secretion is modulated through what biological process?Negative FeedbackWhy is this process effective?Self-limitingReview Question #4Name three mechanisms which affect circulating concentrations of hormones?1.) exercise (physical stress)2.) psychological stress3.) fluid volume stressReview Question #5Exercise can induce alterations in the endocrine system other than changing the circulating concentrations of hormones. Give an example of how this is possible.Down-Regulation: the # of hormone receptors is decreased to reduce the possibility of contact between the “lock and key”Review Question #6What is one of the major differences between steroid and peptide hormones?Steroid hormones are lipid soluble allowing them to pass through the cell membrane to their intracellular receptors, while peptide hormones react with receptors housed in the cell membraneReview Questions #7, 8TRUE/FALSEA single training session has been shown to decrease peripheral testosterone levels above resting levelsTRUE/FALEType of training program affects circulating testosterone levelsReview Question #9What would be the expected testosterone response to a 10 mile run (~70 minutes)?a.) no response, endurance activity has no effectb.) ↑ circulating testosterone levelsc.) ↓ circulating testosterone levelsd.) first it increases and then decreasesReview Question #10Which of the following has the LEAST effect on influencing a growth hormone response?a.) sleepb.) nutritionc.) exercised.) environmentLiterature Review TechniquesSUNY Cortland Memorial Library Databaseshttp://library.cortland.edu/databases.aspSearch Options1.) By Subject: Exercise Science & Sport Studiesa.) MEDLINEb.) SportDiscus c.) Physical Education Index2.) Fulltext Database (.PDF available online)Literature Review Techniques (continued) Find IT ButtonReference  Save Citation Information (APA)Google Scholar–http://scholar.google.com/advanced_scholar_searchCortland ESSS Librarian[email protected] Review Techniques (continued)Search for a recent REVIEW article close to your topic, if possiblePrint online abstracts of all articles you may include within your review of literatureUse ILL early  it takes time to receive articlesMetabolic System & ExerciseAerobic vs. Anaerobic TrainingAerobic (endurance) training leads to Improved blood flow, and Increased capacity of muscle fibers to generate ATPAnaerobic training leads to Increased muscular strength, and Increased tolerance for acid-base imbalances during highly intense effort.Metabolic and Morphological ChangesMetabolic ChangesEnergy SystemsPhosphagen Energy System (ATP-PC)CytoplasmHigh-intensity: Up to 30 secondsGlycolytic Energy SystemCytoplasmHigh-intensity: 1-3 minutesOxidative Energy SystemMitochondriaActivity > 3 minutesATPAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) common currency of useful (chemical) energy used by cellsPrinciple function of ATP–Energize synthesis of important cellular components–Energize muscular contractions–Synthesis of organic molecules used for structure and function–Energize active transportATP (continued)Energy released from ATP caused by ATPaseATP + water  ADP + Pi + 7,000 cals/mol-1 mole of energy of ATP stores 12,000 cals, however, the real function of ATP is to transfer energy!- energy stored in ATP will sustain life for about 90 secondsATP-PC Energy SourceATP-PC (Phosphocreatine) stored within the muscleImmediate usePC is major storage depot for energy (13,000 cals/mol)It transfers phosphate group to ADP, so it can become ATP againCatabolic breakdown of food substrate leads to synthesis of ATPWhen subjects in study are brought to maximal exertion levels, ATP in muscles has not dropped much, but PC levels are way downATP-PC Energy Source (continued)PC supply exhausted in ~30 secondsPC levels decline rapidly during intense exercise (sprinting)Resynthesis of PC½ recovered in 20-30 secondsLast ½ may take up to 20 minutesMost replenished within 3 minutesImplications for workout designATP and PC During SprintingGlucose Breakdown and SynthesisGlycolysis—Breakdown of glucose; may be anaerobic or aerobicGlycogenesis—Process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in the liverGlycogenolysis—Process by which glycogen is broken into glucose-1-phosphate to be used by musclesBreakdown of Sugar (Glycolysis)10 step pathway leads to synthesis of 2 pyruvate molecules and net production of 2 ATP molecules (or 3)All reactions in cytosol and none require O2Fate of pyruvate depends on O2–If inadequate available (anaerobic), pyruvate converted to lactate–If enough O2, converted to acetyl-CoABreakdown of Sugar (Glycolysis)Where does the glucose come from?From the blood (1) through CHO digestion or (2) from the breakdown of glycogen in the liverFrom glycogen broken down in the muscleGluconeogenesis = process of metabolizing glycogen into glucoseGlycogen metabolized = 3 ATPGlucose metabolized = 2 ATPRole of Lactic AcidNociceptors (pain receptors) are sensitive to changes in the cellular H+ levels↑ lactic acid interfere with production of ATPHinder binding of calcium to troponin (ECC)*The combined actions of the ATP-PC and glycolytic systems allow muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen; thus these two energy