Maternal smoking and infant health: Part IThe data available for this project are a subset of a much larger study— the Child Health and Development Studies. The women in the studywere all those enrolled in the Kaiser Plan who had obtained prenatal carein the San Francisco–East Bay area and who delivered at any of the Kaiserhospitals in Northern California. At birth, measurements on the baby wererecorded. Provided here is a subset of this information collected for 1236babies — those baby boys born during one year of the study who lived atleast 28 days and who were single births (i.e., not one of a twin or triplet).The information available for each baby is birth weight and whether or notthe mother smoked during her pregnancy.Variable DescriptionBirth weight Baby’s weight at birth in ounces.(0.035 ounces = 1 gram)Smoking status Indicator for whether the mother smoked (1)or not (0) during her pregnancy.• Summarize numerically the two distributions of birth weight for babiesborn to women who smoked during their pregnancy and for babiesborn to women who did not smoke during their pregnancy. Comparethe means and sd of the two distributions as well as the quantiles ofthe distributions.• Compare the distributions graphically. Consider density traces, quantile-quantile plots, and box plots. If you make separate plots for smokersand nonsmokers, be sure to scale the axes identically for both graphs.• Compare the frequency, or incidence, of low-birth-weight babies for thetwo groups. A low-birth-weight baby is one who weighs under 2500grams, or 5.5 pounds. How reliable do you think your estimates are?That is, how would the incidence of low birth weight change if a fewmore or fewer babies were classified as low birth weight?• Compare the distributions to the normal via normal quantile plots andmeasures of skewness and kurtosis.• Conduct one of the following simulation studies to assess the fit of thenormal distribution to this data:1– Conduct a simulation study of the distribution of the sample kur-tosis from a 484 observations from a normal distribution. Wheredoes the observed kurtosis fit in relation to the simulated distri-bution?– Construct a simulation study of the quantile plots to determinetypical deviations form a line when the data are
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