PCC BI 232 - Endocrine System Glucometer

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Lab Activity 21Slide Number 2Hormone FunctionsHormone FunctionsHormone FunctionsHormone FunctionsHormone FunctionsHormone FunctionsHormone FunctionsHormone FunctionsPituitary HistologyThyroid HistologyThyroid HistologyParathyroid HistologyAdrenal GlandsAdrenal HistologyAdrenal CortexPancreasDiabetesDiabetesDiagnosing Diabetes MellitusThe EndLab Activity 21Endocrine SystemGlucometerPortland Community CollegeBI 23223Hormone Functions• ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)• Regulates the activity of the cortex of the adrenal gland• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)• Stimulates production and release of thyroid hormone• GH (growth hormone)• Stimulates growth of bones, cartilage, muscle•Timing and amount released determines body size4Hormone Functions• PRL (prolactin)• Stimulates breast development• Promotes and maintains lactation after childbirth• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)• Causes formation of ovarian follicles and stimulates them to produce estrogen• Stimulates sperm development in men• LH (luteinizing hormone)• Initiates ovulation, maintains corpus luteum• Regulates testosterone production in males5Hormone Functions• ADH (antidiuretic hormone)• Reduces urine output by increasing water reabsorption in the kidney• Plays small role in blood pressure regulation• Oxytocin• Causes uterine contractions in labor• Causes milk let down in lactating mothers• Thyroid Hormone• Regulates metabolic rate of the entire body• Important in development of the nervous system6Hormone Functions• Calcitonin• Decreases bone reabsorption, lowering serum calcium levels• PTH (parathyroid hormone)• Increases serum calcium • Decreases serum phosphorus• Insulin• Released in response to high blood sugar• Increases cellular absorption of glucose • Increases rate of lipogenesis and formation of glycogen in the liver7Hormone Functions• Glucagon• Released in response to low blood sugar• Increases rate of gluconeogenesis (formation of sugar from fat and protein)• Increases lipolysis and glycogenolysis• Epinephrine & Norepinephrine• Fight or flight response•Increase heart rate, increase skeletal muscle blood flow, decrease skin blood flow8Hormone Functions• Glucocorticoids (Cortisone)• Released in response to stress• Increases formation of glucose from protein and fat breakdown• Decreases inflammation• Aldosterone• Increases blood volume by causing kidneys to retain sodium (where sodium goes water goes too) in exchange for potassium• Increased blood volume will increase blood pressure9Hormone Functions• Androgens• Initiates pubertal changes• Precursors to estrogen in postmenopausal women• Melatonin• Involved in circadian rhythms • Day ↓ melatonin, Night ↑ melatonin• Produces sleepiness• Erythropoietin•Stimulates RBC production10Hormone Functions• Calcitriol• Stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption• Stimulates calcium release from bone• Inhibits PTH secretion11PituitaryHistology12Thyroid Histology13Thyroid Histology• Follicular cells produce the colloid (contains precursors to thyroid hormone)• Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin14Parathyroid Histology15Adrenal Glands16Adrenal Histology17Adrenal CortexZona Glomerulosa:AldosteroneZona Fasiculata:Glucocorticoids(Cortisone)Zona Reticularis:Androgens18Pancreas•Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (exocrine)•Islet cells secrete insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)19Diabetes• Type 1: Insulin Dependent Diabetes• AKA: juvenile diabetes • Caused by a lack of insulin• Autoimmune disorder • Immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas20Diabetes• Type 2: Non-Insulin Dependent• Caused by an insensitivity of cells to insulin.• Diabetes mellitus marked by hyperglycemia• ↑ urine production (polyuria)• ↑ thirst (polydipsia)•↑ eating (polyphagia)21Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus• Normal blood glucose levels: 70-100 mg/dl• Diabetes mellitus:• A fasting glucose level above 140 mg/dl on two separate occasions, or• A blood sugar over 200 mg/dl 2 hours after oral glucose tolerance test with 75gm of glucose• Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Pre-Diabetes)• A fasting glucose level between 100-126 mg/dl on two separate occasions, or• A blood sugar between 140-200 mg/dl 2 hours after oral glucose tolerance test with 75gm of glucose22The


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