ECEN 215, Principles of Electrical EngineeringDr. Mina RahimianLecture# 23 Date:11/18/13Full wave rectifier circuitsClipper circuitsDiodes can be used to make clipper circuits, in which a portion of the input voltage is clipped off. For example if it is required to have an output voltage between -9v and +6v, a clipper circuit can be used to clipp off the voltages above 6 and below -9 volts.In the previous clipper circuit, since the batteries need periodic replacement, it is more practical to use zener diodes instead of batteries and regular diodes.Ex. Sketch the output voltage.Ex. Sketch i versus v, for -10<v<10.Chapter 7, Logic CircuitsDigital computers have taken a prominent place in engineering and science over the last decades. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the essential features of digital logic circuits, which are the heart of digital computers.In this chapter we will discuss the binary numbers, boolean algebra, logic gates and designing simple combinational logic circuits.Analog and digital signalsAnalog signal is a continuous signal and can take any value. For example the output of sensors are voltages proportional to the physical measurements at the input.Digital signals can take only a few restricted ranges. Most common digital signals are in binaryform which takes only two ranges. The first range represents a logic 0 and the second range represents logic 1.For example, for a popular type of logic circuits known as transistor-to-transistor logic (TTL).2.4v - 5v is considered a logic 1 ( also called high, on, or true).0v - 0.4v is considered logic 0 ( also called low, off, or false).bit and byteA single binary digit is called a bit. A byte is a word consisting of 8 bits. Each bit contains 0 or 1 representing some information.For example, if :bit A represents presure (0 means low and 1 means high pressure)bit B represents light intensity(0 means dark, 1 means light)bit C represents temperature(0 means cold, 1 means hot),then ABC=100 indicates high pressure, dark and cold condition.Binary NumbersSince digital circuits are designed to operate with only two ranges (0 and 1), it is necessary to represent data in terms of 0's and 1's.Decimal to binary conversionTo convert a decimal integer to binary, repeatedly divide by 2 until the quotient is zero. Then the remainders read in reverse order give the binary form of the number.Converting decimal fraction to binaryMultiply the decimal fraction by 2. The whole part of the product is retained as a bit of the binary equivalent. Repeat until the desired degree of precision has reached.Hexadecimal and octal numbersBinary numbers take many bits to to represent large numbers. Hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base 8) are more efficient to represent information and can easily be converted to or from
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