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MSU CJ 335 - Lecture11-H

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11Police ProcessDae-Hoon KwakMichigan State UniversityCJ 335 Summer 20066/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 10-1Policing Drugs, Gangs, Guns& Career Criminals2Policing Drugs6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Drugs Problem- By the end of the 1980s, drugs represent the most serious problem facing police, the CJ system, and American society as a whole- $12.9 billion on domestic enforcement, interdiction, international drug control efforts- U.S. residents spent $62.4 billion on illicit drugs• How extensive is illegal drug use?- NHS(1997): about 74 million Americans (36% of adult pop.) have used an illegal drug at least once in their lifetime3Policing Drugs (cont.)6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Drug Enforcement Strategies- Supply reduction strategy (4 tactics)a. Buy-and-bust: officers purchase drug and arrest dealersb. Trading up: arresting low level dealers, offer leniency for information about higher-level dealersc. Penetrate drug syndicate through long-term undercover workd. Crackdown: intensive enforcement in specific area over limited time period (e.g., OPP in NY)-No evidence that threat of arrest deters drug use or sale, replacement effect, and trading up does not disrupt drug trafficking org.4Policing Drugs (cont.)6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Drug Enforcement Strategies (cont.)- Demand reduction strategy: reduce demand for drugs on part of users- “Just Say No” campaign in the 1980s (Nancy Reagan)- Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)a. Originated with the LAPD in 1983b. Consists of 17 Hrs-long classroom sessions by a POc. The D.A.R.E. is very popular as it is an educational approach, addressed parental concerns, and is a program for both police and schools5Policing Drugs (cont.)6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Drug Enforcement Strategies (cont.)-Most evaluations of D.A.R.E. found no reduction in actual drug use- Factors of Popularity (D.A.R.E.)a. Addresses parent concerns about juvenile drug abuseb. Support belief that education is an effective approachc. Both police and public school officials want to appear to be doing somethingabout the drug problem6Policing Drugs (cont.)6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Retail Drug Enforcement- The shift in police tactics in the last decades- Researchers theorize that with the implementation of CP, management of places has contributed toward the decline as drug dealers must find places where they will not find interference- Police have begun to target these places using tactics the reinvigorate neighborhoods to the point that such behavior is no longer acceptable (i.e., environmental deprivation)27Policing Drugs (cont.)6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Minorities and the War on Drugs- Significant disparity in arrest of minorities for drug offenses- Racial disparity may be result of police targeting minority neighborhoods• SMART (Specialized Multi-Agency Response Team)- Instead of relying solely on arrest/prosecution, it addresses underlying com. Problems using a combination of criminal and civil law strategies (e.g., housing code enforcement, cleaning up the physical appearance of neighborhoods,etc.)- SMART reduced drug-related activity without displacement8Policing Gangs6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.)- A classroom-based, officer-instructed program targeting elementary and middle-school students- Originated in Phoenix, AZ (1991)- By 2004, G.R.E.A.T. had trained over 8,000 Pos and had produced more than 4 million graduates across the nation- Students completing GREAT were less likely to commit delinquent acts and to join the gangs than those who did not vs. there was no difference between two groups9Policing Guns6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Crimes related to Guns- NCVS, 1993-2002, gun violence decreased by 63%, but still 91% of homicides, 27% of robberies are committed with agun [Gun Law]• Kansas City Gun Experiment (1991-1993)- Directed patrol effort aimed at reducing gun violence- In the city’s high crime area, officers patrolled making car legally justified stops of vehicles searching for weapons- Assumptions: remove the illegal guns, deterrence effect10Policing Guns6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Kansas City Gun Experiment (cont.)-Findingsa. Many weapons were seized and gun related crime fell significantlyb. Suggested the potential positive effect of hotspots oriented anti crime program• Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)- Reduce gun violence (funded by Bush in 2001)- School of CJ, MSU developed an approach to training and technical assistance based on a set of core themes central to PSN (e.g., research to identify the nature of the gun violence)11Policing Career Criminals6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Wolfgang’s Study: “Career Criminals”- A small percentage of delinquents are responsible for a majority of all crimes and for about 2/3 of all violent crimes• Repeat Offender Programs- Targeting suspected high-rate offenders for surveillance/arrest- Special warrant service- Case-enhancement programs- ROP increased the likelihood of arrest of targeted repeat offenders vs. expensive and efficiency12Police ProcessDae-Hoon KwakMichigan State UniversityCJ 335 Summer 20066/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 11Community PolicingProblem Oriented PolicingZero Tolerance Policing313Outline for the lecture6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Understand the roots and characteristics of CP• Understand the roots and characteristics of POP• Be familiar with the findings of CP and POP research• Discuss ZTP and how it differs from other policing approaches14Impetus for Change in Policing6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• A Series of Crises in Policing Æ CP and POP- Police-community relations problems in the 1960s- Local PDs were isolated and alienated from important segments of the community- Research had undermined traditional management and police reform- The police roles were recognized to be extremely complex with many tasks and responsibilities- The importance of citizens as co-producers of police services was realized15The Roots of CP: Broken Window Thesis6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Broken Window ThesisNeighborhoodCharacteristicsDisorderlyConditionsSocialPsychologicalProcessesSocialPsychologicalProcessesSeriousCrimeNeighborhoodCharacteristicsDisorderlyConditionsSocialPsychologicalProcessesSocialPsychologicalProcessesSeriousCrimeSource: J.S. Cheong, 200616The Roots of CP: Broken Window Thesis6/12/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Broken Window Thesis (cont.)- In the article


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