POLS 207 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Tucker on Politics II. Why gov’t is necessary III. American Political PhilosophyIV. Advantages of Multiple Levels of Government V. Scientific Study of Politics VI. Natural Sciences and Social Sciences Outline of Current Lecture I. The Comparative Study of American States II. Using Graphs as AnalysisCurrent LectureI. The Comparative Study of American States a. Are there differences between states? Is Texas a typical state?b. Are there patterns of state differences? Is there a pattern to Texas’ politics and polices?c. Are some patterns of evidence of cause and effect? Are there explanations for some patterns?II. Using Graphs as Analysis a. Mapsi. Very good for comparing between the states:1. Population2. Urbanization3. Partisan affiliation 4. Income b. Scatterplots i. More information than simple maps ii. What is Texas like compared to other states?iii. Empirical relationships in scatterplots and correlations1. Minimum strength threshold 2. Direction of relationship a. Inverse?b. Direct?3. Possible interpretations iv. Good for comparing two different variables such as:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Percentage of state population with a Bachelor’s Degree versus per capita income 2. Percentage metropolitan versus per capita income 3. Percentage metropolitan versus violent crime rate4. Per capita income versus poverty rate5. Death row inmates rate and execution 6. Infant mortality rate and life expectancy v. The scaling on the chart can drastically change the way the data is interpreted. vi. Issues in Empirical Analyses 1. Measurement 2. Variable linkage 3. Is there a relationship?vii. Issues if there is an empirical relationship 1. Causal relationship a. Does one variable cause an effect on the other?2. Spurious relationship a. The variables do not have a direct causal relationship.c. Importance of measurement i. Rates, not raw numbers ii. Rates have numerators and denominators 1. No rates of zero iii. Also control for inflation over time iv. Proper linkage of cause and effect d. Motion graphs i. Animated scatterplots ii. Add information about