Lab Activities 16, 17, & 18Lingual PapillaSlide Number 3Taste ReceptorsTaste Bud HistologyGustatory DiscriminationLab Activity 17Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Ciliary bodySlide Number 11Extrinsic Eye MusclesExtrinsic Eye MusclesSlide Number 14Extrinsic Eye MusclesIntrinsic Eye Muscles of the IrisHistology of the RetinaRefractionFocal Point & Focal DistanceFocal DistanceAccommodationAccommodation Accommodation ProblemsAccommodation ProblemsAstigmatismConvergenceLab Activity 18Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Middle Ear Ossicles (Bones)Slide Number 31Vestibular ComplexCochleaSlide Number 34Organ of CortiTypes of Hearing LossWeber & Rinne TestsWeber TestRinne TestRinne TestThe EndLab Activities 16, 17, & 18Olfaction & TasteVisionHearing & EquilibriumPortland Community CollegeBI 2322Lingual Papilla• Papilla are epithelial projections on the superior surface of the tongue• Circumvallate papilla contain about 100 taste buds• Fungiform papilla contain about 5 taste buds• Filiform papillae provide friction that helps the tongue move objects around in the mouth, but do not contain taste buds34Taste Receptors• Taste buds contain spindle-shaped cells• Basal cells: produce daughter cells that mature in stages• Gustatory cells: extend microvilli into the surrounding fluids through a taste pore • Contain the taste receptors5Taste Bud Histology6Gustatory Discrimination1. Umami: “Beef”2. Salty3. Sweet4. Bitter5. Sour• Substances must be dissolved (saliva) for the chemically gated ion channels to open• Olfaction is very important in tasteLab Activity 17Vision8910Ciliary body312AP1. Ciliary processes• Ciliary epithelium• Secretes aqueous humor2. Ciliary muscle - (intrinsic eye muscle)3. Suspensory ligament of the lensA= anterior chamberP= posterior chamber1112Extrinsic Eye Muscles• Superior oblique: primarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose and secondarily moves the eye downward• Trochlea: Ligament sling• Superior rectus: primarily moves the eye upward and secondarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose• Lateral rectus: moves the eye away from the nose13Extrinsic Eye Muscles• Medial rectus: moves the eye toward the nose• Inferior oblique: primarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose and secondarily moves the eye upward•Inferior rectus: primarily moves the eye downward and secondarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose14NoseEar15Extrinsic Eye Muscles16Intrinsic Eye Muscles of the Iris Pupils constrict (Parasympathetic) Close vision and bright light Pupils dilate (Sympathetic) Distant vision and dim light17Histology of the Retina18Refraction• Light is bent when it passes from one medium to another medium with a different density• Light passes through these before it hits the retina:• Cornea• Aqueous humor• Lens• Vitreous humor19Focal Point & Focal Distance• Focal Point: The specific point of intersection on the retina.• Focal distance: The distance between the center of the lens and its focal point. Determined by two factors:1. Distance from the object to the lens2. Shape of the lens20Focal Distance• Distance from the object to the lens: the closer an object is, the greater the focal distance• Shape of the lens: the rounder the lens, the more refraction occurs, so it has a shorter focal distance21Accommodation• Accommodation is an alteration in the curvature of the lens of the eye to focus an image on the retina• Near objects: Lens becomes rounder• Distance objects: Lens becomes flatter22Accommodation • Emmetropia is normal vision. • The image will be focused on the retina’s surface23Accommodation Problems• Myopia: Nearsighted• The eyeball is too deep or the curvature of the lens is too great• The focal point is in front of the retina, so distance objects are blurry• Corrected with a diverging lens24Accommodation Problems• Hyperopia: Farsighted• The eyeball is too shallow or the curvature of the lens is too flat• The focal point is behind of the retina, so near objects are blurry•Corrected with a converging lens25Astigmatism• The degree of curvature in the cornea or lens varies from one axis to another (is uneven or wavy)• This causes light to focus on more than one area of the retina creating a blurry image.26Convergence• When an object moves closer, the eyes rotate inward to maintain the focal pointLab Activity 18Hearing & Equilibrium28Vestibular PortionCochlear Portion2930Middle Ear Ossicles (Bones)StapesMalleusIncus31• The stapes strikes the oval window of the cochlea32Vestibular Complex33Cochlea34• Stapes pushes on fluid of vestibular duct at oval window• At helicotrema, vibration moves into tympanic duct• Fluid vibration dissipated at round window which bulges• The central structure is vibrated (cochlear duct)helicotremavestibular ducttympanic ductround windowCochlear duct containing the Organ of CortiCochlea Uncoiledoval window35Organ of Corti36Types of Hearing Loss• Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the bones of the middle ear. • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain.37Weber & Rinne Tests• Weber test: determines if hearing loss is present in one ear, but does not distinguish conductive and sensorineural deafness• Rinne test : Evaluates an individual’s ability to hear sounds conducted by air or bone•Used together, these test can distinguish between the two types of hearing loss38Weber Test• Ring tuning fork and place on center of head. Ask the subject where they hear the sound. • Interpreting the test:• Normally, the sound is heard in the center of the head or equally in both ears. • Sound localizes toward the poor ear with a conductive loss• Sound localizes toward the good ear with a sensorineural hearing loss39Rinne Test• Place the vibrating tuning fork on the base of the mastoid bone.• Ask patient to tell you when the sound is no longer heard.• Immediately move the tuning fork to the front of the ear• Ask the patient to tell you when the sound is no longer heard.• Repeat the process putting the tuning fork in front of the ear first40Rinne Test• Normally, someone will hear the vibration in the air (in front of the ear) after they stop hearing it on the bone•Conductive hearing loss: If the person hears the vibration