1MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 1Spring 2010 MSE 209 - Section 1Instructor: Leonid ZhigileiMonday and Wednesday, 08:30 – 9:45 amOlsson Hall 009MSE 209: Introduction to the Science and Engineering of MaterialsMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 2MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 3Research in Computational Materials Group:Simulation of impact resistance of carbon nanotube materialsTemperature distribution in a simulation of heat transfer in a carbon nanotube materialGeneration of crystal defects and melting in a metal target irradiated by a short laser pulseGroup Web Site: http://faculty.virginia.edu/CompMat/MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 4Instructor: Leonid ZhigileiOffice: Wilsdorf Hall, Room 303D Office Hours: 10:00 am to 12:00 pm Tuesday & openTelephone: (434) 243 3582E-mail: [email protected] web page:http://www.people.virginia.edu/~lz2n/mse209/Class e-mail list: [email protected] Information:Graduate Teaching Assistant: Ms. Priya GhatwaiOffice: Materials Science Building 109Office hours: 4-5 pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdaysin Materials Science Building, Room 125AYou can also e-mail Ms. Ghatwai for additional appointments and individual consultations.E-mail: [email protected] 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 5¾ Homework: 15 %¾ Two mid-term exams: 40 %¾ Final exam: 45 %Homework: 11 problem sets will be will be assigned and will be due at the beginning of class one week after assignment. Homework solutions should be neat and stapled. Homework does not require the pledge and cooperation among students is permitted. Copying is not permitted.Late homework is not acceptedTests: pledged, closed-book and closed-notesGrading:W. D. Callister & D. G. Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (John Wiley 2010, 8thedition)I will also post my lecture notes on the web.Textbook:MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 6¾ From atoms to microstructure: Interatomic bonding, structure of crystals, crystal defects, non-crystalline materials.¾ Mass transfer and atomic mixing: Diffusion, kinetics of phase transformations.¾ Mechanical properties, elastic and plastic deformation, dislocations and strengthening mechanisms, materials failure.¾ Phase diagrams: Maps of equilibrium phases.¾ Polymer structures, properties and applications of polymers.¾ Electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties of materials.Syllabus:MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 7• Historical PerspectiveStone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced materials• What is Materials Science and Engineering ?Processing → Structure → Properties → Performance• Classification of MaterialsMetals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors• Advanced MaterialsElectronic materials, superconductors, etc.• Modern Material's Needs, Material of FutureBiodegradable materials, Nanomaterials, “Smart” materialsChapter 1: IntroductionMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 8• Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone – Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.• The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements.Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms.• The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person. • Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites…). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials.Intelligent design of new materials.Historical Perspective3MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 9A better understanding of structure-composition-properties relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of materials. Example is the dramatic progress in the strength to density ratio of materials, that resulted in a wide variety of new products, from dental materials to tennis racquets.Figure from: M. A. White, Properties of Materials (Oxford University Press, 1999)MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 10Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.What is Materials Science and Engineering ?ProcessingPropertiesStructureObservationalMaterialsOptimization LoopMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 11• Subatomic level (Chapter 2)Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding).• Atomic level (Chapters 2 & 3)Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond) • Microscopic structure (Ch. 4)Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy.• Macroscopic structureStructural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.StructureMonarch butterfly~ 0.1 mMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 12Length-scalesAngstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10mNanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9mMicrometer = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6mMillimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3mInteratomic distance ~ a few ÅA human hair is ~ 50 µmElongated bumps that make up the data track on a CD are ~ 0.5 µm wide, minimum 0.83 µm long, and 125 nm high4MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 13Progress in atomic-level understandingDNA~2 nm wideThings Natural Things ManmadeThe Scale of Things (DOE)10 nmCell membraneATP synthaseSchematic, central coreCat~ 0.3 mDust mite300 μmMonarch butterfly~ 0.1 mMEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices10 -100 μm wideRed blood cellsPollen grainFly ash~ 10-20 μm Bee~ 15 mmAtoms of siliconspacing ~tenths of nmHead of a pin1-2 mmMagnetic domains garnet film11 μm wide stripesQuantum