History 1100 class notes1/27/14:Exploration and Discovery of the New World1) Who discovered America?a) Native Americans• before ice age, came to America across land bridge (Bering Straight)• established cultures (Aztec’s in Mexico and Inca in Andes Mountains)• Columbus was given credit for discovery because Indians just wan-dered and found America and Columbus had agencya) Africans• No written record• Artifacts: spears, head carvings• West African cotton b) Europeans1) Vikings• The Vikings had sailed to Greenland to Newfoundland around the year 1000 and established a settlement, Vinland, at a site now knownas L’Anse aux Meadows2) Spanish2) Reconnecting America: The Impact of the Columbian Exchangea) The exchange of plants and animals:• Products introduced to Europe from the Americas included corn, toma-toes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and coon while people from Old World brought wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep.History 1100 class notes• The transatlantic flow of goods and people (Columbian Exchange) al-tered millions of years of evolution. Separate plants, animals and cul-tures were now thrown togetherb) The Improved European Diet and Population Growth c) The exchange of disease and the decimation of the Native American popula-tion1/29/14European Settlement and the Native Americans1) What factors explain why the New World was reconnected with the old in 1492 and why did Spain do it first?A) Religious and Economic Factors:• More market oriented society in Europe1) The Crusades, 1095-1270: • Religious factors connects the two worlds (Crusades 1095-1270) by trying toregain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims2) Rise of Trade and a Merchant Class• Brought to Western Europe back spices and silk/cloth from Holy Landfor a better market --> creates business/demand• Aristocracy wants to buy these goods3) Feudalism and the Rise of Market RelationsB) Political Factors:1) Formation of Nation StatesHistory 1100 class notes• Aragon marries Castile = first nation state in Spain combines and pushes Muslims down2) Political Economy of Mercantilism • Ferdinand and Isabella support Columbus b/c they are desperate for money: motivation is Principal of Mercantilism (take in more money than lose)• Smaller aristocrats have gotten larger principalitiesC) Technical Factors:1) Ships• Portuguese Exploration: the Portuguese were the first explorers. Columbus sailed with them to Canary Islands before his discovery and learned how the winds worked2) Navigational Equipment and Weaponrya) Columbus’ First Voyage:• Navigational equipment: received compass from Chinese • Columbus could measure latitude but not longitude • Knew the winds• Needed portable cannon • Human agency: motivated for money and religious reasons (“saving” Indians)3) Motive ForceD) The Contribution of Columbus: Human AgencyHistory 1100 class notes2) Many Europeans and Even More Indians: The Nature of the Interface:A) Frontiers of Inclusion1) European Aristocrats and Social Hierarchy2) European Traders and Social Tolerance • Frontier of Inclusion - inclined to include Native Americans (Spanish include because they want Natives to work for them) (French include for fur trade)B) Frontiers of Exclusion1) European Farmers and Social Intolerance• Frontier of Exclusion - inclined to Exclude Natives (British exclude for religious and farming reasons)C) The Role of Native American Social Intolerance 1) Complex Social Orders2) Hunters and Gatherers 2/3/14:European Settlement and the Native Americans: III) The Puritans and the Hunter-Gatherer Tribes of New England:--The Puritans came so they could practice religion freely A) The “Saints” Meet the “Noble Savages”1) Squanto - most cooperative with the Pilgrims that helped them survive. Taught them how to fertilize corn by putting fish in with it. Squanto was able to speak English because he was a slave by the English and spentsome time in England (but escaped and returned to America). When Squanto returned to American his kin was all dead.History 1100 class notes2) The Puritans thought they were “saints” and god sent them to spread word– because they could not see the Native American’s religion they thought of them as noble savages. 3) Native American Values: Animism and Autonomy1) Native Americans believed that god is in everything (Animism)2) Some Natives called Europeans “cloth people” or “iron people” or“hair people.” Natives named them based off of what was power-ful about them.3) Natives value their autonomy which Europeans violate; “those who want little are the most free”4) Puritan values: Predestination and the Work Ethic1) God already predestined your future2) Europeans thought Natives were lazy because Europeans saw Native men fish as women would plant. Europeans thought the Natives should be developing the land instead. 3) Puritans work ethic of hard work ties in with being saved/predes-tination. They believe that god picks hard workers rather than slackers. B) “Reduce Them to Civility.” Failed Puritan Policy on Native Americans1) Save Their Souls: Praying Towns•Establishing towns to convert the Natives. Most towns failed.•The only Natives willing to go to praying towns were Natives whose tribes and kin died of disease and were desperate•Europeans thought Native American Woman as DrudgeHistory 1100 class notes2) Get them in one place: European style Agriculture 3) Make the Men into Men and the Women into Women: The PlowC) Trade and Captive Conversion: A more successful policy?1) The Fur Trade and the Desire for European Goods2) “Captive Conversion” and “White Indians”•Purposely get Natives into debt and offered to clear their debt by tak-ing their first son and enroll them into Harvard•Natives were better at converting the white people than the Euro-peans were at converting the NativesD) The Final Solution: War and Genocide1) King Phillip’s War, 1675 –– by this time, Natives have gotten guns. 2) Genocide: paid for scalps PURITAN UTOPIA: THE ORIGINS OF DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA?I. Religion as a Democratizing ForceA. Protestantism and the Priesthood of All BelieversB. Predestination and the Community of the SaintsC. The Protestant Work EthicII. Economic Conditions as a Democratizing ForceA. Widespread Availability of LandB. Increased Value of LaborC. Subsistence Family Economy and Class HomogeneityD. Improved Life Expectancy III. Political Structure as