LAB CPA. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND APPROVAL OF VIOLENCEChart 4-1.1 PATHS LINKING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT TO HUSBAND-TO-WIFE PHYSICAL ASSAULT SAMPLE AND MEASURESSCATTER PLOT TO TEST THE HYPOTHESISTREND LINE TO SHOW THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN A COUNTRY AND PERCENT WHO APPROVE OF A HUSBANRESULTS & DISCUSSION SECTIONSWHAT HAS BEEN LEARN ED FROM THIS LAB?Lab CPA 1LAB CPA. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND APPROVALOF VIOLENCEThe Research Questions1. Do nations where corporal punishment is used by many parents have social norms which accept or approve of violence between husband and wife? 2. Does this apply only to men, only to women, to both?Importance Of Answering These QuestionsScientific importance: Could be one of the factors that explain why CP is associated with an increased probability of partner violence (the goal of science is to explain why things are the way they are)Practical importance: If it is part of the explanation, it suggests that efforts to prevent partner violence should start with ending CP Difference between prevention and treatmentResult would not be much help in treating people who are violent to a partnerCould be a great help in preventing the next generation of PVSoc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. StrausLab CPA 2METHODOLOGY YOU WILL LEARN TO UNDERSTANDFROM THIS LAB1. Moderator Variable and Moderator Effect2. Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Path Coefficient• Essential concepts to be able to understand articles in social science journals• Also important for understanding theories to explain social phenomena (See later slide.)1. MODERATOR VARIABLE AND MODERATOR EFFECT• A moderator variable is one that influences the relation between the independent variable (X) and the dependent variable (Y). Can be phrased, as the relation between X and Y is contingent or conditional on whether the moderator is present or absent, or the degree to which it is present.• Moderator effect is what is said when the research finds that the effect of X is contingent on the presence or absence of the moderator variable• Also called an “interaction” effect.• Example: Does the relation between stress and PV apply to all SES groups, only to high SES, or only to low SES couples. A theoretical argument can be made for all of these.Lab CPA 32. PATH ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING¾Methods for testing theories (explanations) of why X is related to Y* The variables that the theory posits as explanations are known as “mediating” or “intervening” variables. ¾For this lab, we will test just one theory which could explain why CP is related to PV: * That CP leads to more approval of violence, \which in turn leads to more violence, * The mediating variable is approval of a husband hitting his wife under some circumstances¾Usually, several mediating variables are tested. For example:CORPORALPUNISHMENTMEDIATING VARIABLES (Explanations for the link)Approval of violenceDepressionLow Problem-Solving SkillPARTNERVIOLENCENumbers on the lines are “path coefficients” Like correlations. (Can be odds ratios).23Lab CPA 4CP BY MOTHERCP BY FATHERVIOL BTWN PARENTSAGE OF RESPSESETHNICAPPROVALOF VIOLENCEDEPRESSIONMARITALCONFLICT9%11%19%8%130%56%-1%-5%-2%-2%42%47%193%104%164%# OF CHILDRENASSAULTBYHUSBAND9%Chart 4-1.1 PATHS LINKING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT TOHUSBAND-TO-WIFE PHYSICAL ASSAULTN= 1,844 MENStraus, Murray A. and Carrie L. Yodanis. 1996. "Corporal punishment in adolescence and physical assaults on spouses later in life: What accounts for the link?" Journal of Marriage and the Family58:825-841. Also as physical assaults on spouses, 2007, In Press, in Murray A. Straus & Rose Anne Medeiros, The primordial violence: Corporal punishment by parents, cognitive development, and crime. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Lab CPA 5THIS LAB PROJECT• Illustrates the underling logic of moderator effects and path analysis not the statistical method. The statistical method requires advance statistical training and a computer• Last lab demonstrated that CP is related to partner violence. This lab test one of the possible reasons: That CP increases the probability of approving violence• A real path analysis would also test to see if attitudes and social norms that approve of violence are associated with more actual violence.• Lab will give you experience with the concept of moderator effect: Whether the gender of the student affects the path from CP to approval of violence?HYPOTHESES• Write your hypothesis about the two research questions on the Lab Report Form. Number them.• The hypothesis should use the word “nations” or more accurately “national contexts” to describe the casesLab CPA 6SAMPLE AND MEASURES• SAMPLE: 32 nations covering every major world region. For eachnation there is separate data on males and females• MEASURE OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT Question 105. This is variable VS01 on the data cards.“When I was less then 12 years old, I was spanked or hit a lot bymy mother or father.”1 = Strongly disagree2 = Disagree3 = Agree4 = Strongly AgreeThe variable is the percent of students in each national contextwho were spanked a lot, as indicated by the percent who did notstrongly disagree.Lab CPA 7MEASURE OF APPROVAL OF PARTNER VIOLENCEQuestion VA10_1 I can think of a situation when I would approve of a husband slapping a wife’s face1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Agree, 4 = Strongly AgreeMODERATOR VARIABLEGender. The percentages for female students and the percentages for malestudents. “moderator” variable” is something that influences the relation between the independent and the dependent variable“moderator effect” If the analysis finds that, when the moderator is present, the relation between X and Y is different than when moderator is present, the results are said to show a moderator effect.Other terms for “moderator effect” are “interaction effect” and “conditional effect”Lab CPA 8THE DATA• DATA FOR EACH NATION IS ON A DATA CARD•THE VARIABLES ARE - VS01_1 Corporal punishment as measured by the percent of students who did not strongly disagree that they were spanked a lot before age12- VA10_1 Approval of violence as measured by the percent of students who did not strongly disagree that there are situationswhen they would approve of a husband slapping a wife’s face • THE NAME OF THE NATION IS IN THE LOWER LEFT OF