Freeway Revolts: Why not theFreeway Revolts: Why not theTwin Cities?Twin Cities?Thomas MoreNick DobdaXiaozheng HeWhy Did Revolts Originate?Why Did Revolts Originate?Prior to 1916Prior to 1916Federal Aid Road Act (1916)Federal Aid Road Act (1916)Federal Highway Act (1921, 1934, 1944, 1952)Federal Highway Act (1921, 1934, 1944, 1952)Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956)Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956)From dirt roads, to surfaced roads, to a network of roads. That was the planThe National Highway SystemThe National Highway SystemInterstate SystemInterstate SystemConceived in the 1930Conceived in the 1930’’ssFunded by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956Funded by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956Planned 41,000 miles of roadPlanned 41,000 miles of roadTo be completed in within 20 yearsTo be completed in within 20 years35,000 miles actually built by 197535,000 miles actually built by 1975Problems Along the WayProblems Along the WayDesigned by State EngineersDesigned by State EngineersDue to poor planning, problems arose that wereDue to poor planning, problems arose that werenot designed fornot designed forMiami, FL (Overton)Miami, FL (Overton)Nashville, TNNashville, TNOther CitiesOther CitiesMinneapolis?Minneapolis?Engineering Solutions to CongestionEngineering Solutions to CongestionSt. Paul: I-94, Two PerspectivesSt. Paul: I-94, Two PerspectivesEngineersEngineersUltimately in charge of route selectionUltimately in charge of route selectionChose route that would reduce congestion the mostChose route that would reduce congestion the mostUse of Use of ““Control pointsControl points”” and and ““Desire LinesDesire Lines””Chose most inexpensive route to constructChose most inexpensive route to constructCity PlannersCity PlannersRoutes based on effect on local communitiesRoutes based on effect on local communitiesOld Planners disagreed on route selectionOld Planners disagreed on route selectionNewer Planners eventually agreed on routesNewer Planners eventually agreed on routesActivism & Freeway RevoltActivism & Freeway RevoltBeginning in the late 1950Beginning in the late 1950’’s thru the 1980s thru the 1980’’s, civics, civicactivism against freeway constructionactivism against freeway constructionAs the highway interstate system developed, questionsAs the highway interstate system developed, questionsarose about where highways would go in cities. Thearose about where highways would go in cities. Theanswer: existing neighborhoodsanswer: existing neighborhoodsFeds, States, & Localities tried to override local citizenFeds, States, & Localities tried to override local citizenconcernsconcernsEnvironmental, energy and housing concerns wereEnvironmental, energy and housing concerns weredriving forces for activistsdriving forces for activistsSan FranciscoSan FranciscoSan Francisco Chronicle publishes map of proposed city freewaySan Francisco Chronicle publishes map of proposed city freewayroutesroutesConstruction of the Embarcadero Freeway beginsConstruction of the Embarcadero Freeway beginsEmbarcadero FreewayEmbarcadero FreewayThe Road to NowhereThe Road to Nowhere..Freeway Revolt Across the USAFreeway Revolt Across the USAOther proposed and existing freeway systems became the focusOther proposed and existing freeway systems became the focusof activists, and where either halted or torn downof activists, and where either halted or torn downCities including Portland, OR, BaltimoreCities including Portland, OR, BaltimoreOther examples include BostonOther examples include Boston’’s s ““Big DigBig Dig”” project projectMoses v. JacobsMoses v. JacobsRobert Moses: Visionary or Scoundrel?Robert Moses: Visionary or Scoundrel?Jane Jacobs: Activist or Development Thorn?Jane Jacobs: Activist or Development Thorn?QuestionsQuestionsWhere Did Revolts Come From?Where Did Revolts Come From?Public Responses to FreewaysPublic Responses to FreewaysHow Do We Prevent Revolts?How Do We Prevent Revolts?What About the Twin Cities?What About the Twin Cities?What is Government Facing?What is Government Facing?Transportation efficiency requirementTransportation efficiency requirementIncreasing Increasing traffic congestiontraffic congestionEnvironmentalismEnvironmentalismEnergy shortageEnergy shortageHow Can the Conflicts be Solved?How Can the Conflicts be Solved?Expand road capacityExpand road capacityAdd new links (better land use and planning)Add new links (better land use and planning)Add new lanesAdd new lanesDevelop public transportationDevelop public transportationRailRailBus rapid transitBus rapid transitRestrict traffic demandsRestrict traffic demandsCongestion ChargeCongestion ChargeHOV lanesHOV lanesPromote other alternativesPromote other alternativesTeleworkTeleworkWalk and bicycleWalk and bicycleBus Rapid Transit (BRT)Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)““BRT is a complete rapidBRT is a complete rapidtransit system that provides:transit system that provides:The performance and feel ofThe performance and feel ofrail at arail at aFraction of the costFraction of the cost””Many technologies relatedMany technologies relatedBuswayBusway plan planFare collectionFare collectionRoute designRoute designITSITSAccess routeAccess routeBRT PlanningBRT PlanningCar PoolingCar PoolingHigh Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanesHigh Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanesCalifornia: SR91California: SR91Texas: Katy FreewayTexas: Katy FreewayColorado: I-25 (conversion from HOV lanes)Colorado: I-25 (conversion from HOV lanes)Minnesota HOTMinnesota HOTDynamic pricingDynamic pricingSpread the flow at peak hourSpread the flow at peak hourFinance road systemFinance road systemManage congestionManage congestionReduce pollutionReduce pollutionCongestion ChargeCongestion ChargeSingapore Singapore —— the first city had this the first city had thispolicy in 1998policy in 1998London London —— the largest city to do so the largest city to do soOther cities include:Other cities
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