HIST 282/JWST 234History of Jews and Judaism ITosafot, Qiddushin 41a, s.v. “It is prohibited to a man to betroth his daughter while she is a minor” (12th/13th C).... And now, when our practice is to betroth out daughters even when they are minors, this is because each and every day the exile becomes more burdensome upon us, and if one has sufficient [resources] to hand now to give his daughter a dowry [he does so], lest at a later point he will not have sufficient and she will sit bound forever.Maimonides, Women, Ishut 13:1:In a place where it was their way that a woman not go out in the marketplace with just thehat on her head alone, [requiring rather that she be covered] to the extent that she have upon her a veil that covers her whole body like a cloak, he gives her as part of [his maintenance obligation to provide] clothing a veil of the lowest quality of all veils—and if he was rich he gives her [a veil] in accordance with his wealth—so that she may go out in it and go to her father’s house to visit him, and to the house of mourning and to the marriage house to perform an act of kindness to her friends and relations so that they will come to her [in turn]. But it is shameful for a woman to go out regularly, now to the open space now to the street (?), and a husband should prevent his wife from doing this except for some one a month or some twice a month as it is necessary. For the beauty of a woman is none other than to sit in the corner of her house, for so it is written, “The entire glory of the daughter of the king is interior” (Ps. 45:14).Responsum of R. Kalonymus of Lucca to R. Moses of Arles (10th C; Teshuvot Geonim Qatan, no. 107; Tr. Irving Agus).Question: A and B formed a partnership. The business partnership was conducted in B’s house and A’s money was kept in A’s house. When they came to dissolve the partnership, and B had to take the required partner’s oath that he did not mishandle or misappropriate any of the money of the partnership, A demanded that B include his wife and children in that oath.Answer: If B’s wife, or his children, actively conducted the business of the partnership, admitted merchants to the house, and traded with them even when B was not in the house,A may indeed demand that B’s wife or his children personally take this oath.... [Under these circumstances] she is required to take an oath—or to have a herem [a ban] pronounced in her presence—in order that she admit and return to her husband any money or valuables she may have taken [so that it would be available for division between A and B].... If, however, B’s wife and children did not independently transact business ....Sefer Haroqeah 296 (Laws of Shabuot)Eleazar of Worms 1165-1230It is the custom of our fathers that one seats children to study Torah on Shabuot, for on it the Torah was given.An allusion (remez) that one covers the youth so that he will not see a dog on the day thatthey initiate him (Heb. rt. hnk) into the sacred letters [is]: [“And let no man go up with you, and also let no man be seen with you,] and also let not the sheep and cattle graze opposite that mountain” (Ex. 34:3).At dawn of the day of ‘aseret (i.e. of Shabuot) they bring the youths, in keeping with (‘al shem) “When it became morning, and there were thunder and lightning” (Exod. 19:16).And they cover him under a cloak (?) from their home to the synagogue or to the house ofthe Rabbi in keeping with “And they stood at the foot of the mountain” (Ex. 19:17).And they place him in the bosom of the Rabbi who seats them to study, in keeping with “As the child’s care-taker carries the unweaned child on the earth” (Num 11:12), and “I led Ephraim, taking them upon his arms” (Hosea 11:3).And they bring a board on which is written the forwards alphabet (דגבא) and the backwards alphabet (קשרת), “Moses commanded us the Torah” (Deut. 33:4), “May the Torah be my livelihood”, and “And [God] called to Moses” (Lev. 1:1). And the Rabbi reads each letter from the forwards alphabet and each word (tebah) from the backwards alphabet, and the child after him, and similarly “Moses commanded ...” and similarly “May the Torah be ...” and similarly “And he called...” And he puts a bit of honey on the board and youth licks up the honey that is on the letters with his tongue.And afterwards they bring a cake that was kneaded with honey, and on it is written: “The Lord God gave me a tongue of those who are taught that I may know how to revive (?) one who is tired with a word; early in the morning (or: each morning) He wakens me to hear as those who are taught. The Lord God has opened my ear, and I was not bitter, I did not turn aside” (Isaiah 50:4-5). And the Rabbi reads each word of these verses and the child afterwards.And afterwards they bring an egg, cooked and with its shell removed, and on it is written:“Son of man: your belly will eat and your innards will be filled with this scroll that I am giving you. And I ate it and it was in my mouth like honey” (Ezek. 3:3). And the Rabbi reads each word and the child after him.And they feed the youth the cake and the egg, for this is good for opening the mind.And let no man differ from the custom