Table of ContentsPrefaceLaboratory SafetyIntroductionPersonal ProtectionEye ProtectionClothingGlovesPersonal HygieneLaboratory ProtocolHousekeepingCleaning GlasswareUnattended Operation of EquipmentFume Hoods and VentilationRefrigeratorsRadioactive MaterialsWorking AloneUse of ChemicalsRoutes of ExposureMaterial Safety Data SheetsTable . NFPA hazard code ratings.Chemical LabelsChemical StorageGuidelines for separating incompatible chemicals:Transporting ChemicalsChemical DisposalReferencesQuestionsLaboratory Measurements and ProceduresIntroductionTheoryTable . Wavelengths of lightFigure . Diagram of light path in diode array spectrophotomExperimental ObjectivesExperimental MethodsMass MeasurementsTemperature MeasurementPipette TechniqueFigure . Density of water vs. temperature.Measure DensityPrepare methylene blue standards of several concentrationsPrepare a standard curve and measure an unknownPrelab QuestionsData Analysis and QuestionsData SheetLab Prep NotesTable . Reagent list.Table . Equipment listTable . Methylene Blue Stock SolutionSetupAcid Precipitation and Remediation of Acid LakesIntroductionFigure . The pH of precipitation in 2000.Non volatile SystemVolatile Systems:Reactor theory applied to Acid Lake RemediationExperimental ObjectivesExperimental ApparatusFigure . Schematic drawing of the experimental setup.Experimental ProceduresAnalytical ProceduresPrelab QuestionsData AnalysisQuestionsReferencesLab Prep NotesTable . ReagentsTable . Equipment listBromocresol Green Indicating SolutionAcid rainFlow RateSetupMeasurement of Acid Neutralizing CapacityIntroductionTheoryGran PlotFigure . Gran plot from titration of a weak base with 0.05 pH MeasurementsANC Determination for Samples with pH < 4Titration TechniquesProcedureCalibrate the pH ProbeDetermine ANC of a Known StandardDetermine ANC of Acid Rain SamplesPrelab QuestionsQuestionsWriting a High Performance ReportReferencesLab Prep NotesTable . Reagent list.Table . Equipment listSetupReactor CharacteristicsIntroductionReactor ClassificationsDispersionBoundary ConditionsReactor ModelingCompletely Mixed Flow ReactorPlug Flow ReactorFigure Pulse and step input in a plug flow reactor.Flow with DispersionOpen Boundary conditions: One Dimensional Advective DispersiClosed Boundary Conditions: Completely Mixed Flow Reactor inReactor StudiesMeasuring Reactor CharacteristicsPeclet Number EstimationFigure . Relationship between equations through .Mass ConservationTracersDensity MatchingActivity CorrectionsAcid Tracer DesignMass balanceReactor DesignBaffle DesignChlorine Contact Tank DesignProceduresBaffle installationTesting protocolPrelab QuestionsData AnalysisReferencesLab Prep NotesTable . Equipment listTable . Reagent listGas TransferIntroductionTheoryFigure . Dissolved oxygen concentrations in equilibrium witGas Transfer CoefficientFigure . Single film model of interphase mass transfer of oOxygen Transfer EfficiencyDeoxygenationExperimental ObjectivesExperimental MethodsInitial SetupTest the air flow controllerMeasure the Gas TransferPrelab QuestionsData AnalysisReferencesLab Prep NotesTable . Reagent listSetupTable . Stock solutions listTable . Equipment listMajor elements of apparatusClass PlanVolatile Organic Carbon Contaminated Site AssessmentIntroductionFigure . Subsurface VOC transport processes. The vadose zoExperiment DescriptionExperimental ProceduresCalibration (Peak Times)Syringe technique for sampling vial headspaceSoil Gas SamplingTable . Physical data for octane, acetone, and toluene.Syringe technique for soil gas samplingAnalysis of Soil Gas SamplingFigure . Students will prepare a map of the surface of theiProcedure (short version)Prelab QuestionsData AnalysisReferencesLab Prep NotesTable . Reagents listTable . Equipment listSetupClass PlanTable . Gas chromatograph conditionsSyringe clean upLaboratory Research in Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Leonard W. Lion James J. Bisogni, Jr. Cornell University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Ithaca, NY 14853 S1N2DO probeStir barTemperature p(optional)200 kPa Pressure sensorNeedle ValveSolenoid ValveAccumulator7 kPa Pressure sensorS21 mm ID x 5 cm restrictionS1S1N2N2DO probeStir barTemperature p(optional)200 kPa Pressure sensorNeedle ValveSolenoid ValveAccumulator7 kPa Pressure sensorS2S21 mm ID x 5 cm restrictionFall 2006ii CEE 453: Laboratory Research in Environmental Engineering Fall 2006iii Laboratory Research in Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Instructor [email protected] Leonard W. Lion Professor [email protected] James J. Bisogni, Jr. Associate Professor [email protected] School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 8th Editioniv CEE 453: Laboratory Research in Environmental Engineering Fall 2006 © Cornell University 2006Educational institutions may use this text freely if the title/author page is included. We request that instructors who use this text notify one of the authors so that the dissemination of the manual can be documented and to ensure receipt of future editions of this manual.5 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents...............................................................................................................5 Preface.................................................................................................................................7 Laboratory Safety..............................................................................................................8 Introduction......................................................................................................................8 Personal Protection ..........................................................................................................8 Laboratory Protocol .........................................................................................................9 Use of Chemicals ...........................................................................................................11 References......................................................................................................................17 Questions........................................................................................................................17 Laboratory Measurements and Procedures..................................................................18