CorpuscallosumThalamusLeft cerebralhemisphereRight cerebralhemisphereCerebralcortexBasalnucleiFig. 49-13: The human cerebrum viewed from the rearSpeechOccipital lobeVisionTemporal lobeFrontal lobeParietal lobeSomatosensoryassociationareaFrontalassociationareaVisualassociationareaReadingTasteHearingAuditoryassociationareaSpeechSmellMotor cortexSomatosensorycortexFig. 49-15: The human cerebral cortexPrimarysomatosensory cortexFrontal lobePharynxParietal lobeTeethGumsJawTongueLipsFaceNoseEyeThumbFingersHandForearmElbowUpper armHeadNeckTrunkHipLegGenitalsAbdominalorgansPrimarymotor cortexTongueToesJawLipsFaceEyeBrowNeckFingersHandWristForearmElbowShoulderTrunkHipKneeThumbFig. 49-16: Body representations in the primary motor and primary somatosensory corticesGenerating wordsMaxSpeaking wordsHearingwordsSeeing wordsMinFig. 49-17: Mapping language areas in the cerebral cortexThalamusHypothalamusPrefrontalcortexOlfactorybulbAmygdalaHippocampusFig. 49-18: The limbic system(a) Synapses are strengthened or weakened in response to activity.N2(b) If two synapses are often active at the same time, the strength of the postsynaptic response may increase at both synapses.N1N2N1Fig. 49-19: Neural PlasticityMg2+Na+(a) Synapse prior to long-term potentiation (LTP)NMDA receptor(open)GlutamateStoredAMPAreceptorNMDAreceptor(closed)Ca2+Fig. 49-20a: Long-Term Potentiation(b) Establishing LTP132Fig. 49-20b: Long-Term Potentiation(c) Synapse exhibiting LTP1234Fig. 49-20c: Long-Term PotentiationNicotinestimulatesdopamine-releasingVTA neuron.Cerebralneuron ofrewardpathwayOpium and heroindecrease activityof inhibitoryneuron.Cocaine andamphetaminesblock removalof dopamine.RewardsystemresponseFig. 49-22:Addiction & theReward
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