Chem 1320 Lecture 3 European Settlement and the Native AmericansI. Why 1492? Why Spain?A.B.Religious and Economic Factors1. The Crusades, 1095-1270 2. The Rise of Trade and a Merchant Class 3. Feudalism and the Rise of Market Relations Political Factors1. Formation of Nation States 2. Political Economy of Mercantilism C. Technical Factors 1. Ships2. Navigational Equipment and Weaponry3. A Motive ForceD. The Contribution of Columbus: Human AgencyII. Many Europeans and Even More Indians: The Nature of the InterfaceA.Frontiers of Inclusion 1. European Aristocrats and Social Hierarchy 2. European Traders and Social Tolerance B.Frontiers of Exclusion These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. European Farmers and Social Intolerance C. The Role of Native American Social Structures1. Complex Social Orders2. Hunters and GatherersTerms: Crusades; Feudalism, Mercantilism; Frontier of Inclusion; Frontier of ExclusionOutline of Current Lecture What were the major patterns of Native American life in North America before Europeans arrived? How did Indian and European ideas of freedom differ on the eve of contact?What impelled European explorers to look west across the Atlantic?What happened when the peoples of the Americas came in contact with Europeans?What were the chief features of the Spanish empire in America?What were the chief features of the French and Dutch empires in North America?What were the main contours of English colonization in the seventeenth century?What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome?How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years?What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?What were the main sources of discord in early New England?How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America?Terms: Noble Savages, Praying Towns, Plow, White Indians Current LectureFoner –Chapter 1What were the major patterns of Native American life in North America before Europeans arrived?- The people of America before the Europeans came consisted of people are crossed an ice bridge from Asia – 15,000 – 60,000 years ago- Spread throughout North America and South America- Cities like Tenochtitlan had populations of 250,000 people (Mexico, Aztec Empire)- Perfected farming, hunting, fishing, political power, and religious beliefo Some Indians hunted animals, farmed, and some scavenged (taking advantage of salmonswimming up river)o Each year a ‘Great Council’ gathered from the 5 groupings and talked about how to coordinate behavior toward outsiders Great League of Peaceo Indian Identity surrounded around: A tribe Village Chiefdom Confederacyo Religion  Religious ceremonies surrounded farming and hunting Believed that spiritual power was everywhere in the world- Animism- In familieso Children were born into the mothers family not the fatherso Women had far more power, could divorceHow did Indian and European ideas of freedom differ on the eve of contact?- European idea of freedomo Understood as a moral or spiritual condition rather than political or social statuso Freedom was very much based off of Christianityo Hierarchy was huge Kings and noblemen had more authority over men below them and gave less freedom to them as well In families women had less authority than menWhat impelled European explorers to look west across the Atlantic?- The easy use of free labor by making Africans slaves to work in Europe and especially in the ‘NewWorld’ IE North America- New technology and techniques that made long voyages possible made a trip west feasible- Christopher Columbuso New earth was roundo New the winds and currents in the Atlantico Underestimated size of the earth o Landed on San Salvador, with 3 ships Came back with 17 ships and around 1,000 men to exploreWhat happened when the peoples of the Americas came in contact with Europeans?- Hernan Cortes, found the Aztec people and destroyed them by small pox and allying other Aztec subjects and by using the new technology of iron and gun powder- Many of the natives around North and South America were killed because of war, enslavement, or diseaseo Small poxWhat were the chief features of the Spanish empire in America?- Newer system of government, with lawyers and bureaucrats - Forced slaves to work gold and silver mines that provided the funding- Races began to mix, Spaniards and Indians and Africans all started to mixo Became legal to promote the advance of Christianity- Most of the Indians in the Spanish new world were treated horribly. Said to be treated well, but landlords and missionaries took advantage of them and the major workforce was of the Indians and slaves from Africa- Pope (Indian Leader) brought 2,000 warriors together to fight New Mexico’s inhabitants and forced the Spanish out of their city- The behavior towards Indians from the Spanish is referred as the Black LegendWhat were the chief features of the French and Dutch empires in North America?- Frencho Based in Canadao Largely based off of the fur tradeo Did not interfere too much with Indian religious aspects, let them still be mostly freeo Encouraged Indians to adopt the French wayo French people were more inclined to adopt the Indian way than the other way around- Dutcho New Netherland was more of a Military outpost than a settlemento Were allowed more religious practices than any other empireo Slaves possessed rightso Diverse populationo Governor Petrus Stuyvesant Made practicing other religions harder, thought it went against prosperous ordero Came to trade not to conquerFoner – Chapter 2What were the main contours of English colonization in the seventeenth century?- The founding of Jamestown, where merchants and workers came to start a new beginningo Colonists enjoyed much more religious freedom than in Europe- Deprived Indians of land, enslaved slaves, and settlers were granted freedom- The lure to New England was that most of England was below the poverty line and by coming to New England could mean becoming in charge of 200 acres of land, and becoming freeWhat obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome?- Diseaseso Affected a lot of Indians but still affected the settlers- Provoked warso Did this because the English wanted land and didn’t want the native Indians to be on “their”