BIOM 121 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Ch. 1-3Chapter 1: Main Themes of MicrobiologyOverall Theme: “Give it what it needs to Grow and it will Grow” Vocab:- Microbiology – study of small living things; study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye- Prokaryotic – cells without a true nucleus or organelles- Eukaryotic – cells with a true nucleus and organelles- Organelles – small membraned parts inside of the cell; ex. Mitochondria- Viruses – non-cellular, parasitic protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things, including other microorganisms (need the host)- Bacteriology – study of prokaryotes- Mycology – study of fungi- Phycology – study of algae- Protozoology – study of protozoa- Virology – study of viruses- Immunology – study of the immune system- Biotechnology – when humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting (2 main ways)o Genetic Engineering – create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)o Recombinant DNA Technology – allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins (i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes) - Bioremediation – introducing microbes into the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants (oil spills, chemical spills, water and sewage treatment) - Microbial Nomenclature – naming microorganisms- Taxonomy – classifying living things; the science of living things- Identification – discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified Important People:- Florence Nightingale – woman born in 1820 who is seen as the founder of nursing- Robert Hooke – recorded microbes first in 1660s; coined the word “cell”- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – created the single-lens microscope; known as the father of bacteriology and protozoology (microbiology); first person to accurately describe living microbes- Louis Pasteur – worked with infusions in the mid-1800s(brewer); came up with Pasteurization and the Germ Theory of Disease- Robert Koch – Verified the germ theory; Koch’s Postulates- John Tyndall – showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance andare difficult to destroy- Ferdinand Cohn – worked with and found spores and sterilization- Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic technique - Carl von Linné – began systematically classifying living things- Robert Whittaker – created the Five Kingdom ModelInformation to Know: - Major Groups of Microorganisms: Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Helminthes, Fungi, Viruses- 2 Types of Microbes: Cellular and Acellularo Cellular: Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) and Eukaryotes (Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths) o Acellular (Viruses and Bacteriophages)- Branches of Microbiology: Medical, Public Health, Immunology, Industrial, Agricultural, and Environmental- Levels of Classification: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species- When writing Genus and Species it should look like this: Genus speciesChapter 2: The Chemistry of Biology Vocab:- Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons- Ionic Bonds: electrons are transferred from one atom to another- Hydrogen Bond: weak attraction between hydrogen and an oxygen or nitrogen from other covalently bonded molecules- Carbohydrates: carbon chains with the suffix saccharide with mono, di, poly as prefixes.- Lipids: long and complex hydrocarbon chains; insoluble in polar solvents like water; o Triglycerides: single molecule of glycerol bound to 3 fatty acidso Phospholipids: glycerol bound to 2 fatty acids and one phosphate; creates bilayerbehavioro Steroids: 3 cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ringo Waxes- Protein: chains of amino acids and there are 20 amino acids with some essential and somenon-essential- Nucleic Acids: chain of a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogen base - DNA: polymer composed of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate with nitrogen bases: adenine (purine) with thymine (pyrimidine) and guanine (purine) with cytosine (pyrimidine) - RNA: polymer composed of alternating ribose and phosphate with nitrogen bases: adenine with uracil and guanine with cytosine (usually in a single strand) Information to Know: - The fundamental building blocks of atoms are proton, neutrons, and electrons- Water is a polar molecule (slightly positive and negative ends)- Oxidation-reduction reactions = reducing agent gives electron to the oxidizing agents which creates a oxidized product with one less electron and a reduced product with one more product- Structural Formulas: Molecular H2; Structural H-H- pH: high amount of H+ is acidic low amount of H+ with a high amount of OH- - Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids- Monosaccharaides are brought together by glycosidic bonds and taken apart by dehydration synthesis- Protein forms by forming a primary chain, then either a secondary beta pleated sheet or a secondary alpha helix, then folds into the tertiary form, then 4 tertiaries come together to form the quaternary structure. Chapter 3: Tools of the Laboratory: The Methods for Studying MicroorganismsVocab:- Media: providing food to microorganism (liquid, semisolid, and solid) (synthetic and nonsynthetic) - Synthetic Media: chemically defined- Nonsynthetic Media: complex and not chemically defined- Simple stains: crystal violet, methylene blue- Differential stains: gram stain, acid fast- Special stains: stains for capsule or flagella-Information to Know:- Methods of culturing Microorganisms:o The 5 I’s – Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification- Walther Hesse was the first scientists to use agar as a thickening media in microbiology- Types of Media(functional types): general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic growth, specimen transport, assay, enumeration- Microscope: simple and compound