I. The prokaryotic chromosomesA. Kinds of genetic elements in prok and euks1. Prok and Euk have chromosomes and plasmidsB. Prok. chromosome is usually _________________ (Fig. 16.10)C. Usually only have 1 but number can be more if prok. is growingD. Bacteria chromosome can be replicated throughout the cell cycle.E. All prokaryotes are:____________________.F. Majority of prokaryotic chromosome:_______________________.G. Prok. genes usually do not have:______________________H. An average gene length is about ________________I. How many genes are there if genome is 6 Mb (6 x 109 bp)?J. Because chromosome is 1 mm long it needs to be:K. This is accomplished by ______________________(Fig 4.31):1. This is need to make chromosome fit into a small space.2. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) introduces negative supercoiling3. DNA gyrases are also targets for quinolone type antibiotics4. Topoisomerase I removes negative supercoiling, which is needed during replication.L. Because supercoiling brings negatively charged phosphates close,M. Further compacting of the chromosome occurs with:II. How does a bacterial cell replicate its chromosome?A. In a ______________________ mode similar to Euks. (Fig. 13.2)1. Strands separate and each are copied2. Daughter genome gets:a) _____________________ strand and ab) ____________________________________copyB. Lots of proteins involved in replicating chromosome1. Table 13.1C. Initiation of replication (Fig. 13.3):1. DNA replication starts at an origin of replication, called:2. DNA binding proteins (______) bind the ________, which causes:3. __________ binds replication fork with _________and promotes DNA ________________with help of _____________.D. The formation of a replisome (Fig. 13.4):1. Each replication fork has a leading strand and lagging strand2. The leading strand is synthesized by: _________________ as a single contiguous molecule starting from an:3. The lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous fashion.E. DNA polymerization:1. DNA polymerases polymerize:2. Bacteria have:3. ______________________ carries out the elongation stage as the replication fork moves forward (Fig. 13.6).4. Polyermases need:5. Template must be primed with a nucleotide.F. Polymerization takes place from 5’ to 3’1. leading strand is continuous2. Lagging strand is built in fragments:G. The RNA primer on lagging strand is removed by:1. Gaps are filled by:H. Termination occurs at the:1.I. __________________________________ occurs during replication because DNA is helical and must rotate to accommodate the replication fork.1. Relief of tension and tangling is accomplished:2. This makes temporary nicks in the DNA allowing it to:J. Separation of daughter chromosomes is accomplished:1. Causes:2. DNA can untangle.K. Mistakes also need to be repaired1. Wrong base pairing can occur:2. Polymerase error rate is:3. Errors are corrected by:4. Mismatch repair system:5. How does this work (Fig. 13.7):a)b) MutS:c) MutH:d) MutL:e) MutH:f) Exonucleases:g) DNA Pol I:h) DNA ligase:L. If chromosome replication is complete in 40 min how can E. coli grow with a generation time of 20 min?M. Video 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teV62zrm2P0N. Video 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0Genome Organization/Function/Replication Bio119I. The prokaryotic chromosomesA. Kinds of genetic elements in prok and euks1. Prok and Euk have chromosomes and plasmidsB. Prok. chromosome is usually _________________ (Fig. 16.10)C. Usually only have 1 but number can be more if prok. is growingD. Bacteria chromosome can be replicated throughout the cell cycle. E. All prokaryotes are:____________________.F. Majority of prokaryotic chromosome:_______________________.G. Prok. genes usually do not have:______________________H. An average gene length is about ________________I. How many genes are there if genome is 6 Mb (6 x 109 bp)?1.J. Because chromosome is 1 mm long it needs to be: K. This is accomplished by ______________________(Fig 4.31):1. This is need to make chromosome fit into a small space.2. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) introduces negative supercoiling3. DNA gyrases are also targets for quinolone type antibiotics4. Topoisomerase I removes negative supercoiling, which is needed during replication.L. Because supercoiling brings negatively charged phosphates close, M. Further compacting of the chromosome occurs with:Genome Organization/Function/Replication Bio119II. How does a bacterial cell replicate its chromosome?A. In a ______________________ mode similar to Euks. (Fig. 13.2)1. Strands separate and each are copied2. Daughter genome gets:a) _____________________ strand and ab) ____________________________________copyB. Lots of proteins involved in replicating chromosome1. Table 13.1C. Initiation of replication (Fig. 13.3):1. DNA replication starts at an origin of replication, called: 2. DNA binding proteins (______) bind the ________, which causes:3. __________ binds replication fork with _________and promotes DNA ________________with help of _____________.4.D. The formation of a replisome (Fig. 13.4):1. Each replication fork has a leading strand and lagging strand2. The leading strand is synthesized by: _________________ as a single contiguous molecule starting from an: 3. The lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous fashion.E. DNA polymerization:1. DNA polymerases polymerize:2. Bacteria have:Genome Organization/Function/Replication Bio1193. ______________________ carries out the elongation stage as the replication fork moves forward (Fig. 13.6).4. Polyermases need: 5. Template must be primed with a nucleotide.F. Polymerization takes place from 5’ to 3’1. leading strand is continuous2. Lagging strand is built in fragments:G. The RNA primer on lagging strand is removed by: 1. Gaps are filled by:H. Termination occurs at the:1. I. __________________________________ occurs during replication because DNA is helical and must rotate to accommodate the replication fork.1. Relief of tension and tangling is accomplished:2. This makes temporary nicks in the DNA allowing it to:J. Separation of daughter chromosomes is accomplished: 1. Causes:2. DNA can untangle.K. Mistakes also need to be repaired1. Wrong base pairing can occur:Genome Organization/Function/Replication Bio1192. Polymerase error rate is:3. Errors are corrected by:4. Mismatch repair system:5. How does this work (Fig. 13.7):a) b) MutS:c) MutH:d) MutL:e) MutH:f) Exonucleases:g) DNA Pol I:h) DNA ligase:L. If chromosome