Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. Straus SPANKING BY PARENTS: THE PRIMORDIWORLD VISION STUDY OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN 5 COUNTRIESCORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271)CONCLUSION: CHILDREN IN MOST OF THE WORLD, ARE BROUGHT UP MORE VIOLENTLY THAN IS GENERALLY REALIZED WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF SPANKING GROWTH IN COGNITIVE ABILITY OF CHILDREN TWO YEARS LATER * Not spanked: increased faster than average THESE ARE ALL “RISK FACTORS,” NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKSSOME OTHER REASONS LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF CP IS LOW HITTING CHILDREN BANNED IN THESE COUNTRIES As of 2006 THESE ARE ALL “RISK FACTORS,” NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKSQUESTION 6 AGAIN: WHAT WOULD THE WORLD BE LIKE IF ADULTS STOPPED SPANKING? FOR PARENTS * LESS HASSLE * LESS BETTER BEHAVENDWHY LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS IS LOWCP83 1Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. StrausSPANKING BY PARENTS: THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDRENSIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED1. WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)?2. HOW PREVALENT IS CP BY PARENTS IN AROUND THE WORLD?3. ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED REALLY HARMED? 4. IS CP SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN?5. WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP? 6. WHAT WOULD A WORLD WITHOUT CP BE LIKE?CP83 2Question 1: WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)?¾ A. USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE¾ B. WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING BODILY PAIN¾ C. BUT NOT INJURY¾ D. FOR PURPOSES OF CORRECTION OR CONTROLEXAMPLES•“SPANK,” “SMACK”•SLAP HAND•SHAKE, SHOVE, JERK•GRAB OR SQUEEZE HARD•TWIST EARetc.¾ IF C AND D ARE PRESENT:A LEGALLY PERMITTED TYPE OF PHYSICAL ATTACKCP83 3CORPORAL PUNISHMENT HAS BEEN THE NORMFOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND STILL ISANCIENT ISRAEL: "He that spareth his rod hateth his son; but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes Proverbs 13:24"This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. He will not obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard. Then all the men of the town shall stone him to death. Deuteronomy 22;1218thCENTURY ENGLAND: "When they turned a year old..., they were taught to fear the rod and to cry softly...." (Susanna Wesley to her son John, the founder of the Methodist Church, cited in Miller and Swanson 1958:10)2001-2006 – Next SlideCP83 4PERCENT WHO AGREE “A GOOD HARD SPANKING IS SOMETIMES NECESSARY”ALL NATIONS MEDIAN: Total = 52 % Males = 56% Females = 51% High Half Of NationsLow Half Of NationsTotal Male Female TotalMale FemaleTaiwan 74.3 80.7 71.6 Australia 53.2 57.7 52.1Tanzania 71.1 71.6 68.4 Canada 51.7 55.2 50.2South Africa 67.6 61.0 67.2 Hungary 51.6 45.6 54.3Mexico 66.7 70.8 65.7 Iran 51.6 57.1 50.0Singapore 65.5 68.2 64.2 Greece 50.3 67.3 43.2United States 60.8 68.9 56.7 Lithuania 48.8 57.6 44.2Germany 60.1 63.8 58.5 Switzerland 45.2 52.6 41.6Hong Kong 60.1 65.4 57.9 Romania 42.0 56.7 40.4South Korea 59.0 63.5 56.4 Japan 35.1 45.0 25.4Russia 58.8 65.3 54.0 Guatemala 33.4 40.0 24.8China 58.4 64.7 54.9 Malta 33.3 45.9 28.8India 56.3 59.1 54.8 Venezuela 28.3 40.9 19.3Great Britain 55.0 62.3 53.6 Belgium 23.0 27.8 21.5New Zealand 54.4 51.3 55.4 Israel 23.0 23.8 22.7Australia 53.2 57.7 52.1 Portugal 20.8 27.7 16.9Canada 51.7 55.2 50.2 Brazil 19.3 25.0 16.4In rank order of national context total (VS01_1)`CP83 5Question 2: How prevalent is CPCP83 6WORLD VISION STUDY OFCHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN 5 COUNTRIESSAMPLE 971 household with a child at home in Romania, Kenya, Ghana, Thailand, and BrazilStratified random sample. Mostly female respondents Percent In Past Year Romania Kenya Thailand Iasi Cj CT M S Ghana BS P Brazil Hit your child with your hand 70 74 58 64 64 66 27 21 72 Hit your child with a stick or belt 42 53 22 70 82 84 70 75 41 %From: World Vision (2001) Crying Out: Children And Communities Speak on Abuse and Neglect, Appendix B.CP83 7US national survey, 1,000 children, Straus & Stewart, 1999Over 90% hit toddlersMore thana thirdhit infantsOne out of four are still hitting at age 16THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCECP83 80%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%SPANK, SLAP SHOVE, KICK PULL EAR, HAIR BELT, BRUSH PUNCH, SOCKLOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXAREAHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXAREAMARIA AMELIA AZEVEDO AND VIVIANNE NORGUIRA DE AZEVEDO GUERRA, 2001 HITTING MANIA. SAO PAULO: IGLU EDITORIACORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN AGE 7-9,SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271)LOW SES PARENTS HIT MORE, BUT NOT MUCH MOREAVEZEDO1CP83 9RATES FROM INTERVIEWING A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF CHILDREN, 2007** Harris Internet Youth SurveyCP83 10CP83 11SOME OTHER CORPORAL PUNISHMENT RATES Chile 85.7% children in public schools 54.1% children in private school (Vargas, Lopez, Perez, Zuniga, Toro & Ciocca, 1995) Egypt 72.9% children over 10, past year (Youssef, Attia & Kamel, 1998b) Italy 76.8% (Bardi & Borgognini-Tarli, 2001) India 76.4% (Hunter, Jain, Sadowski & Sanhueza, 2000) Mexico 74.9% (Frias-Armenta & McCloskey, 1998) Jamaica *79% of mothers beat their two to five year olds with an implement * 87% children age 11-12 ever * 70% in the previous four weeks (N=1,172, Samms-Vaugham et al 2004) (Sample of 75 economically deprived families, Landman, Grantham-McGregor & Desai, 1983)CP83 12PERCENT SPANKED OR HIT A LOT BEFORE AGE 12ALL NATIONS MEDIAN: Total = 52, Males = 55, Females = 50High Half Of NationsLow Half Of NationsTotal Male Female TotalMale FemaleTaiwan 74.3 80.7 71.6 Australia 53.2 57.7 52.1Tanzania 71.1 71.6 68.4 Canada 51.7 55.2 50.2South Africa 67.6 61.0 67.2 Hungary 51.6 45.6 54.3Mexico66.7 70.8 65.7Iran51.6 57.1 50.0Singapore 65.5 68.2 64.2 Greece 50.3 67.3 43.2United States 60.8 68.9 56.7 Lithuania 48.8 57.6 44.2Germany 60.1 63.8 58.5 Switzerland 45.2 52.6 41.6Hong Kong 60.1 65.4 57.9 Romania 42.0 56.7 40.4South Korea 59.0 63.5 56.4 Japan 35.1 45.0 25.4Russia 58.8 65.3 54.0 Guatemala 33.4 40.0 24.8China 58.4 64.7 54.9 Malta 33.3 45.9 28.8India 56.3 59.1 54.8 Venezuela 28.3 40.9 19.3Great Britain 55.0 62.3 53.6 Belgium 23.0 27.8 21.5New Zealand 54.4 51.3 55.4 Israel 23.0 23.8 22.7Australia 53.2 57.7 52.1 Portugal 20.8 27.7 16.9Canada 51.7 55.2 50.2 Brazil 19.3 25.0 16.4In rank order of national context total (VS01_1)32 Nations In the International Dating Violence StudyCP83 13CONCLUSION:CHILDREN IN MOST OF THE WORLD, AREBROUGHT UP MORE VIOLENTLYTHAN IS GENERALLY REALIZED• MORE PREVALENT 94% of toddlers spanked (USA & UK)•