BIOL 1050 Lecture 6Outline of Last LectureI. Organisms are made of cellsa. Cellsb. Cell theoryII. Two types of Cellsa. Prokaryoticb. EukaryoticIII. OrganellesIV. Plant and Animal CellsV. DNAVI. Cellular Energya. ATPVII. Organisms require foodOutline of Current LectureI. Food Energya. Caloriesb. Metabolic ratec. Basal metabolic rateII. Weighta. Underweighti. effectsb. Overweighti. Effectsc. BMICurrent LectureI. Food Energya. Caloriesi. Food energy is measured in units called caloriesii. A calorie = the amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Ciii. Food calories are kilocalories (1=1000 calories) (just written as calories onfood labels)iv. When you burn more calories than you consume you lose weightThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.v. Number of required calories per day vary with1. Gender2. Age3. Geneticsvi. 1600 calories recommended for inactive adult women and some older adultsvii. 2200 calories recommended for active adult women and inactive adult menviii. 2800 calories recommended for active adult menb. Metabolic rate: a measure of energy use per time (changes with activity level)c. Basal Metabolic rate: the energy use of a resting but awake and alert individuali. Couldn’t compare the metabolic rate of a active vs. inactive person but you could compare the basal metabolic rate between the twoII. Weighta. Losing 1 lb. of fat requires you to burn 3500 more calories than you consumeb. Ex. Reducing intake by 300 calories a day plus burning extra 200 calories from exercise = 1 lb. per week weight lossc. Body image has changed over the years, women are expected to be thinner and men are expected to be more musculard. BMIi. Ideal weight is determined by the body mass indexii. Correlates with health risksiii. Easy calculation1. BMI= (weight/height) * 703iv. Correlates well with total body fatv. Women need higher BMI than men1. In order to maintain fertility2. Thicker layer of tissue under skinvi. For adults only, not for serious athletes or the elderlye. Underweighti. Caused by health problems such as anorexia or bulimia1. Effects a. Altered heart rhythmsb. Amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation)c. Osteoporosis (weakened bones)d. Dental/gum problemse. Ruptured stomachf. Dehydrationg. Ultimately, deathf. Overweighti. ¼ of all Americans are obeseii. More common than anorexia or bulimiaiii. #1 cause of health problems in the U.S.iv. Overtime humans have developed a taste for fatty foods v. Important to prevent overweight children because once they develop fat cells at a young age they cannot get rid of them, only shrink themvi. Causes1. Environmentala. People who live in colder climates tend to be thinner since there bodies have to work harder to keep them warm2. Genetic3. Calorie intake/physical activityvii. Effects1. Adult-onset diabetesa. Diabetes= cannot break down sugars properlyb. Cannot make or respond to insulinc. Sugar levels in blood rised. Type 1i. People are born withe. Type 2i. Associated with obesityii. So much sugar is in the blood stream that the body can’t produce enough insulin, eventually if not quickly corrected will completely lose ability to produce insulin2. Hypertension (high blood pressure)a. Systolic blood pressure (when heart pumps or contracts)b. Diastolic blood pressure (pressure when heart relaxes)c. Systolic/diastolic =blood pressured. Normal is 120/80e. High blood pressure above 140/90f. There is an increased risk of high blood pressure with obesity3. Heart attacka. Blood flow to heart is interrupted because of blocked blood vesselsb. Cholesterol/fat build up in arteries 4. Strokea. Blood flow to brain is interruptedb. Can lead to paralysis if tissue dies due to blood loss5. Joint-problems6. High cholesterola. Cholesterol made of LDL “bad” and HDL “good”b. LDL carries cholesterol around bodyc. HDL removes excess cholesterol from body to exit in fecesd. High cholesteroli. Total >200ii. LDL>100e. Cholesterol levels influenced by diet and
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