BIOL 1107 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Amino Acids a Levels of Structure II Folding and Function III Prions and Protein Folding IV Enzymes a Substrate Attachment V Nucleic Acids Outline of Current Lecture I Nucleic Acids II Carbohydrates a Types of Polysaccharides Current Lecture I Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids Levels of structural that apply to proteins also apply to nucleic acids For example ribosomes are RNA with a quaternary structure DNA is a double stranded molecule due to hydrogen bonding compared to RNA which is a single stranded molecule II Carbohydrates Sugars and other types of carbohydrates are highly variable in structure Monosaccharides are monomers that polymerize to from polymers called polysaccharides and are joined by different types of glycosidic linkages Simple sugars polymerize when a condensation reaction occurs between two hydroxyl groups resulting in a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage Carbs perform a wide variety of functions in cells they provide structural support indicate cell identity and store chemical energy Carbohydrates can be used as energy because of its chemical bonds By looking at the groups involved you can predict how the substance reacts in water Carbs dissolve in water due to its OH group The shift in one hydroxyl group to a differently positioned carbon completely changes the family of the carb These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute There are right and left handed carbs that are utilized depending on their handedness Handedness can influence whether or not it is recognized by cell a Types of Polysaccharides 1 Plants store sugar as starch Mixture of branched amylopectin and unbranched amylose glucose polymer 2 Animals store sugar as glycogen Highly branched glucose polymer 3 Cellulose is a structural polymer found in plant cell walls Polymer of glucose monomers 4 Chitin is a structural polymer found in fungi cell walls 5 Bacterial cell walls get structural support from peptidoglycan Backbones of alternating monosaccharides Glycogen is highly branched making it easier to chemically alter
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