BIOPSYCH Edition 1 nd Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 January 9th Neuraxis Ipsilateral sensory input stays on the same side as the neuraxis Contralateralcrossing the neuraxis Locations of the brain body Different cuts of the brain Sagittal plane is a cutting of the brain splitting the left and right hemispheres of the brain it is mid sagittal when the split is exactly 180 degrees Frontal plane separates the anterior and posterior Horizontal plane separates dorsal from ventral Cross section is for neurons nerves and spinal cord circular pieces Peripheral nervous system outside of bones Somatic voluntary body movements Autonomic involuntary movement I I I I Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Sympathetic arousal Parasympathetic rest I Afferent sensory input taste texture Efferent motor output exit Exception Vagus nerve is somatic and is only nerve that leaves the peripheral system and carries motor info to internal organs yet functions are autonomic Central nervous system inside of the bones Meninges three membranes that line the skull and vertebra 1 Dura mater tough outer membrane 2 Arachnoid membrane web like 3 Pia mater adheres to brain and spinal cord 4 Cerebrospinal fluid in the arachnoid space cerebral ventricles and central canal Lecture 2 January 14th Ventricles allow the distribution of nutrients to the central nervous system and support the tissue of central nervous system lateral ventricles are larger and contain cerebral spinal fluid Spinal cord splits into Ventral root is towards the abdominal and has motor efferent neurons for movement to exit the spinal cord through the ventral root Dorsal root deviates towards the back and carries sensory afferent neurons The outer part houses the axons of the neurons which is covered by the myelin sheet Axons carry information Interneurons are neurons that have very small axons or no axons at all They allow for communication within the spinal cord and CNS between adjacent neurons Five structures of the brain 1 Mesencephalon breaks into 1 Tectum dorsal surface Superior colliculi part of visual system maybe create reflexive movements in respond to visual objects Inferior colliculi part of auditory system 2 Tegmentum Rostral end of reticular formation Periaqueductal gray area pain system and releases endorphins which are our body s natural pain killers Substantia nigra sensory motor system and releases the dopamine in the brain Ventral tegmental area reward system regulation of addictive behavior 2 Myelencephalon medulla carries signals to parts of the body Reticular formation indicates arousal and stimulates sympathetic nervous system regulation of sleep attention movement and the maintenance of muscle tone and can control some autonomic movements such as regulating cardiac functions and respiratory reflexes breathing and swallowing 3 Metencephalon cerebellum and the pons Pons within reticular formation is known for arousal and sleep Cerebellum little brain processes visual information and auditory information and helps to integrate and control movement balancing 4 Diencephalon Hypothalamus Fight and flight and stimulates high arousal such as stress releasing adrenaline releases hormones that stimulate the feeling of hunger sleepiness and sexual behaviors regulates body temperature Thalamus major relay stations in the brain controls LOOK UP 5 Telencephalon Cerebral cortex problem solving Separated into 4 lobes each has a primary and association cortex Frontal primary motor cortex that is involved with movement and decision making planning working memory executive functioning OrbitoFrontal Corex most front section of frontal lobe controls impulsivity personality social norms and reward info Parietal primary somatosensory cortex position of body sensations in the face first step in processing somato information mathematical calculations space and body awareness reading Temporal primary auditory cortex as well as word processing and face recognition Occipital primary visual cortex Lecture 3 January 16th Cells in the Nervous System Glial cells supportive Astrocytes Skeletal framework to support and hold the neurons in place the neurons need to be supported to prevent accidental contact Deliver nutrients and remove waste products Glucose is an important nutrient for cells when it is absorbed by the astrocyte and converted into lactate The lactate is the nutrients transferred to the neuron Oligiodendrocyte Produces myelin to cover axons to help speed up communication in the CNS Schwann cell satellite cells produces myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System Types of Neurons Bipolar cell body is in the middle of the axon and terminals Interneuron has no exon body Multipolar neuron the cell body is in the dendrites Unipolar the cell body is on the outside of the axon body Structure of the neuron TERMS Soma cell body Dendrites where the communication between the neurons occurs release the neuron transmitters Axon inside the myelin sheath Terminal buttons end of the axon and release neuron transmitters to the dendrites of other neurons Myelin sheath speeds up the axon communication the movement is an electrical impulse that changes polarity i e exocytosis which is neurotransmitter release What happens during a resting potential 70 millivolts Inside the cell is always more negative There is a higher concentration of potassium positively charged on the inside and a higher concentration of sodium positively charged on the outside Potassium ions have an easy time going through the membrane as sodium and chloride have a more difficult time Potassium leaves the cells during rest very slowly due to the properties of diffusion as sodium come into the cell to create a balance Then the sodium potassium pump moves 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions brought in Uneven distribution slightly more sodium on the outside than potassium on the inside What happens during an action potential The axon is hit by an electrical charge that is positive that has to be more positive than the resting potential which is called the threshold 55 At the threshold the voltage gated sodium channels are opened in the axon as the electrostatic pressure and sodium come inside to fill the cytoplasm depolarization becoming more positively charged Cells peak in polarity as the sodium channels start to close refractory period Afterwards the cell could repolarization and go back to the resting stage TERMS to know Hyperpolarization cell is more negatively charged than the