BEEF CATTLE MANAGEMENTComparison of Dairy & Beef IndustriesSlide 3U.S. BEEF INDUSTRY STRUCTUREBEEF INDUSTRY TIMELINEPowerPoint PresentationSlide 7Slide 8SIZE of CATTLE OPERATIONSBREED REGISTRATIONS 2001BREED WEBSITEBEEF BREEDING SYSTEMSEffects of Heterosis on Lbs. of Calf Weaned per Cow MatedExample of a Three Breed Rotational SystemBREEDING SEASON MGT. IBREEDING SEASON MGT. IIBREEDING SEASON MGT. IIISlide 18MICHIGAN COW CALF NUTRITIONCOMMON NUTRTIONAL PROBLEMS in BEEF COWSSEPARATE HERD INTO MANAGEMENT GROUPSHERD HEALTH PROGRAM IHERD HEALTH PROGRAM IIHERD HEALTH PROGRAM IIIHERD HEALTH PROGRAM IVRECORD KEEPINGTypes of RecordsEXPECTED PROGENY DIFFERENCES (EPD)EPDs continuedIRM & SPA2000 ILLINOIS SPA SUMMARYHOW TO IMPROVE PROFITCATTLE INVENTORY & PRICE CYCLESSlide 34STOCKER/BACKGROUNDERSTOCKER/BACKGROUNDER continuedSlide 37STARTING CATTLE ON FEEDFEEDLOT NUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL PROBLEMSFEEDLOT STEERS & HEIFERSFEEDLOT STEERS & BULLSAGE OF FEEDLOT CATTLEBREED EFFECTSEFFECT OF BODY CONDITIONFEEDLOT PROFIT OR LOSSSlide 47BEEF CATTLEMANAGEMENTbyDavid R. HawkinsMichigan State UniversityComparison of Dairy & Beef IndustriesDAIRY BEEFBiology same sameEnd Products Milk & Meat MeatIndustryStructureSingle UnitFull TimeSegmentedPart TimeManagement Intensive ExtensiveComparison of Dairy & Beef IndustriesDAIRY BEEFMilk Level High Mod. to LowBreeds 1 to 5 70 +Crossbreeding Rare FrequentUse of A.I. Extensive LimitedGenetic Traits 1 Primary MultipleU.S. BEEF INDUSTRY STRUCTURE•Seedstock•Commercial Cow-Calf•Dairy•Stocker/Backgrounder•Feedlot•Packer•Retailer•Consumer•120,000 breeders•904,000 producers•117,000 farms•44,000 feedlots•1,250 packers•250 food chains•270+ millionBEEF INDUSTRY TIMELINE•Conception to Calving•Calving to Weaning•Stocker/Backgrounder•Feedlot•Packer•Retailer•Consumer•Total•9 months•6 to 8 months•Variable (2 to 8 mo.)•Variable (3 to 7 mo.)•3 to 7 days•Variable•Variable•About 30 to 32 mo.SIZE of CATTLE OPERATIONS•Dairy and feedlots tend to be full time.•Beef cow herds tend to be part time•U.S. average herd size is 38 head–1 to 49 hd = 28.9% of cows (78% of farms)–50 to 99 hd = 19.1% of cows (12% of farms)–100 to 499 hd = 37.1 % of cows (9% of farms)–>500 head = 14.9% of cows (0.7% of farms)BREED REGISTRATIONS 2001•Angus – 271,222•Hereford – 80,976•Limousin – 49,036•Charolais – 45,354•Simmental – 44,159•Red Angus – 41,900•Gelbvieh – 32,323•Beefmaster – 30,416•Brangus – 25,500•Shorthorn – 21,608•Brahman – 15,000•Maine Anjou – 12,267•S. Gertrudis – 11,500•Salers – 10,286•Chianina – 6,679•T.Longhorn – 6,200BREED WEBSITE•Oklahoma State University maintains an excellent web page for breeds of livestock.•www.ansi.okstate.edu/BREEDS/index.htmBEEF BREEDING SYSTEMS•Straight breeding•Crossbreeding–Breed complementarity–Heterosis or hybrid vigor•Individual heterosis•Maternal Heterosis•Two Breed Cross•Terminal Sire•Two Breed Rotation•Three Breed Rotation•Rotation + terminal Sire•CompositeEffects of Heterosis on Lbs. of Calf Weaned per Cow MatedExample of a Three Breed Rotational SystemBREEDING SEASON MGT. I•Breeding Soundness Exam•Natural Service with Bulls–Yearling – 10 to 20 females–Two Year Old – 20 to 30 females–Mature bull – 30 to 40 females•Artificial Insemination–Less than 5% of cows in commercial herds–Up to 40% of cows in seedstock herdsBREEDING SEASON MGT. II•Limited season results in uniform calf crop–60 days would be ideal–100 to 120 days is more common•Michigan Beef Cows Calving by Month–Jan. & Feb. 7.3%–March 24.2%–April 39.7%–May 17.1%–Other 11.8%BREEDING SEASON MGT. III•At weaning (7 mo.) heifers should weigh 45% of mature weight.•At breeding (15 mo.) heifers should weigh 65% of mature weight.•At calving (24 mo.) heifers should weigh 85% of mature weight.•Measure pelvic areas prior to breeding•Use light birth weight and low birth weight EPD bulls for mating to heifersMICHIGAN COW CALF NUTRITION•Pasture 5/15 to 10/30 – 165 days–1 to 5 acres per cow calf pair•Harvested Forage 11/01 to 5/14 – 200 days–Corn stalk residue – 30 to 60 days–Grass-legume hay or silage – 140 to 200 days–Free Choice Minerals•Salt, Ca, P, Mg + Trace Minerals–Clean fresh waterCOMMON NUTRTIONAL PROBLEMS in BEEF COWS•Thin Cows–Body Condition Scores (1 to 9) 5 to 6 is ideal–Calving Difficulty & Delayed Rebreeding–Dry vs. Lactating•Fat Cows–Calving Difficulty and Reduced Milk Flow•Legume Bloat•Grass TetanySEPARATE HERD INTO MANAGEMENT GROUPS•Bred Heifers & Thin Cows•Dry Mature Cows•Lactating Cows•Weaned Heifer Calves•Mature Herd Sires•Young BullsHERD HEALTH PROGRAM I•Calving Season–Colostrum within first hours after birth–Iodine navel–Selenium – Vitamin E–Scour Vaccine (E.coli 7/or Viruses)•Castrate & Dehorn•Implant non replacement calves•Vaccinate Cows (IBR, BVD, PI3 + Lepto)HERD HEALTH PROGRAM II•Pasture and Breeding Season–Deworm & Control Flies–Vaccinate heifer calves for Brucellosis–Consider Blackleg & Malignant Edema–Creep feeding is optional–Keep free choice mineral availableHERD HEALTH PROGRAM III•Preweaning–Vaccinate calves for IBR, BVD, PI3, Blackleg & Hemophilis somnus–Castrate and dehorn if not done earlier–Get calves used to eating grain & drinking water from troughs•Weaning Time–Pregnancy check females exposed to breedingHERD HEALTH PROGRAM IV–Booster vaccinations–Grub & lice control•Late Gestation–Check mineral for P and Se–Treat for lice if they are a problem–Consider scour vaccine for cows & bred heifersRECORD KEEPING•27.6% of beef cow calf operations have no records at all.•65.2% keep records by handSource- National survey of 3,300 producers in 48 statesTypes of Records•Inventory•Ancestral•Performance–Birth, weaning and yearling data•Health–Vaccinations and examinations•Financial – IRM & SPAEXPECTED PROGENY DIFFERENCES (EPD)•EPDs can be calculated for any trait that we can measure.•EPDs are estimates of the genetic ability of animals to transmit to their progeny•EPDs are expressed in the same units as the trait is measured•Analyses are done by the national breed associationsEPDs continued•Breed average is not “0”.•EPDs change over time as more information enters the analyses.•Most breeds run two analyses per