GEOL 1425 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 - Geoscience: planetary history, built on principal of uniformitarianism.- James Hutton first came up with uniformitarianism.- Uniformitarianism: theory that the same natural laws in place today are true throughout time- We know earth is round b/c of geometry. The sun comes down at different parts of the earth at different angles- Earth systems: atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphereLecture 2 - Declination: angle between true north and magnetic north.- Inclination: angle between line of force and earth surface. - Rocks show the magnetic field lines because the magnetic minerals line up with them.- Motion of electrons in earths core produces magnetic field.- Magnetic field can reverse. Flipped 18 times in 5 million yrs. Avg; once every 278000 yrs- Solar wind gets distorted my magnetic field and cause the northern lights.- Continents are 14 X older than ocean floor- Ocean floor is recycled with sea floor spreading and subduction zonesLecture 3- Earths heat comes form radioactive decay of materials in rocks- Transfer energy by vibrating electrons- Convection moves hot material up and cooler material down to cause rotation. This aidsin magnetic field.- 4 types of boundaries: diverging, converging, transform, collision- Mid ocean ridges have volcanoes.- Core is made up of heavy metals. Mantle is heavy metals mixed with aluminum and silicon. Crust made up of SI, Al, K, Na- Asthenosphere; in mantle, strong- Continental drift was first denied b/c no one could figure out what made them move. Answer=seafloor spreadingLecture 4- Minerals are chemical compounds, naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, solid crystalline atomic structure .- Rocks are not a mineral, but a mix of minerals and sediments- Atoms have protons and neutrons in the nucleus with electrons surrounding it- 92 naturally occurring elements- Isotope: element with different number of neutrons. Unstable means the nucleus changes over time.- All uranium is unstable, it eventually decays into lead. - Covalent bond: electrons share same cell. Ionic bond: atoms held together by electrostatic force.- Complex ions: ions bonded together to form a molecule.- 6000 different minerals. Only 40-50 are common. - Diamond is rare mineral- Minerals classified into : silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, carbonates, halide, and native elementsLecture 5- Rocks: natural aggregates of minerals and/or other solid particles held together to form solid material. - Igneous: crystalized from melt/magma.- Intrusive igneous rocks were formed under the earth’s surface while extrusive are on top of the surface.- Sedimentary: sediment that has naturally cemented together- Metamorphic: sedimentary or igneous rock that has changed- Rock cycle: ocean spread,magme rises and old rocks are sank into mantle at subduction zones- Ore deposts associated with intrusive igneous rocks like viens of