Astronomy 100, Exam #3 BName____________________________________ ID #__________________________No notes, No books; You can use calculatorsConstants that you may need to know:•c = 3 x 108 m/s•G = 6.67 x 10-11 m3/(kg-s2)•h = 6.626 x 10-34 J-s•g = 9.8 m/s2•σ = 5.7 x 10-8 W/(m2-K4)•Solar Luminosity = 3.8 x 1026 W•1 parsec = 3.26 light years1) Which of these particles take the shortest time to travel from the core of the Sun to the surface of the Sun?A) gamma ray photon B) neutrinoC) positronD) electronE) proton2) What is the solar neutrino problem?A) Less neutrinos appear to be produced from the Sun than expected from modelsB) More neutrinos appear to be produced from the Sun than expected from modelsC) Neutrinos are dangerous to humansD) Neutrinos interfere with the fusion of hydrogen into heliumE) Neutrinos turn Helium into Lithium, which is radioactive.3) Which age is closest to the current age of the Sun calculated from the radioactive dating of elements in meteorites? A) 1 million yearsB) 5 billion yearsC) 5 million yearsD) 1 billion yearsE) 50 billion yearsAstronomy 100, Exam #3 B4) The two most abundant elements in the Sun are? A) oxygen and carbon. B) hydrogen and helium. C) iron and hydrogen. D) carbon and iron. E) iron and helium.5) Which star is closest in distance to the Earth? A) Alpha Centauri AB) SiriusC) PolarisD) ProximaE) Sun6) The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram has ________________.(the horizontal axis is the x-axis and the vertical axis is the y-axis)A) surface temperature (or spectral type) on its horizontal axis and apparentbrightness on its vertical axisB) surface temperature (or spectral type) on its horizontal axis and stellarluminosity on its vertical axisC) age on its horizontal axis and diameter on its vertical axisD) diameter on its horizontal axis and lifetime on its vertical axisE) diameter on its horizontal axis and stellar luminosity on its vertical axis7) Which of these spectral types has the hottest surface temperature? A) F type B) G type C) K type D) M typeE) B typeAstronomy 100, Exam #3 B8) How was the Homestake Gold Mine used to detect neutrinos?A) The Gold in the mine tends to react with the neutrinos and become radioactive. This radioactivity could be measured B) The mine was filled with a chlorine-containing liquid. When a Chlorine atom captures a neutrino, it becomes radioactive argon, which releases an electron which can be detected by a detector.C) The mine contains water that undergoes fusion when neutrinos strike it. The resulting heat could be measured D) The mine was filled with Argon gas. When an Argon atom captures a neutrino,it becomes radioactive Krypton, which releases an electron which can be detectedby a detector. E) The Gold in the mine tends to slow the neutrinos down and allows them to be detected by a neutrino detector.9) The Sun produces energy by the fusion of 4 hydrogen atoms into 1 helium atom. Theamount of energy produced can be computed from the equation that relates energyand mass: E = mc2. To compute the energy generated by the fusion of 4 hydrogenatoms, the m in this equation should be A) the mass of the 4 hydrogen atoms. B) the mass of the 1 helium atom. C) the difference in mass between the 4 hydrogen atoms and the 1 helium atom. D) the mass of just 1 hydrogen atom. E) the sum of the masses of the 4 hydrogen atoms and the 1 helium atom.10) Main sequence stars tend to have this trait in common with each other. A) They all tend to have similar diameters. B) They all tend to have similar temperatures. C) They all tend to fuse Hydrogen into Helium D) They all tend to have similar masses. E) They all tend to fuse Helium into Carbon. 11) If you moved a star that is 30 parsecs from Earth to a distance of 60 parsecs from Earth, which property or characteristic of the star would change as measured from Earth? A) Stellar Luminosity B) Apparent Brightness C) Surface Temperature D) Spectral TypeAstronomy 100, Exam #3 B E) Main-Sequence Lifetime12) What is the complete stellar classification of the Sun?A) M5 VB) G2 VC) M2 I D) B4 VE) K3 IIIUse Table 1 for questions 13, 14, and 15Table 1. Here are some stars and their spectral classificationStar ClassificationSirius A A1 V Achernar B5 V Aldebaran B M2 V Fomalhaut B K4 VBetelgeuse M2 I 13) Which star is not on the Main Sequence?A) Sirius AB) BetelgeuseC) AchernarD) Aldebaran BE) Fomalhaut B 14) Which two stars would you expect to have surface temperatures that are closest invalue to each other?A) Sirius A and AchernarB) Achernar and Fomalhaut BC) Fomalhaut B and Sirius AD) Betelgeuse and Fomalhaut BE) Aldebaran B and Betelgeuse 15) Which star would you expect to be the smallest in mass? A) Sirius AB) Aldebaran BC) AchernarAstronomy 100, Exam #3 BD) Fomalhaut BE) Betelgeuse16) Who first proposed that a star’s surface temperature determines the strength of itsspectral lines?A) Edward PickeringB) Cecilia Payne-GaposchkinC) Albert EinsteinD) Marie CurieE) Jocelyn Bell17) We measure the stellar parallax of a star to be 0.2 arc seconds, what is the distanceto this star? A) 0.2 parsecs B) 5 parsecs C) 2 parsecs D) 10 parsecs E) 50 parsecs18) For main sequence stars, the general rule is that the higher the surface temperature, …A) the more numerous are the stars.B) the less luminous are the stars.C) the greater the masses of the stars.D) the more common are binary stars.E) the longer the lifetime on the main sequence19) The process by which two or more smaller nuclei slam together and make a largernucleus is called …A) Nuclear fissionB) Strong forceC) Electron decayD) Gravitational equilibriumE) Nuclear fusion 20) Which part (or layer) of the Sun has the coldest temperature? A) coreB) photosphere C) coronaAstronomy 100, Exam #3 BD) chromosphere. E) radiative zoneAstronomy 100, Exam #3 B21) Pulsars are …A) rapidly pulsing white dwarfs. B) rapidly rotating neutron starsC) vibrating main sequence stars. D) rapidly spinning black holes. E) pulsating yellow