Computer Systems are Different!Static disciplineMoore’s lawMoore’s Law: # transistors/die doubles every ~18 monthsLithography: the driver behind transistor countRAM densityCPU performanceDisk: Price per GByte drops at ~30-35% per yearENIACUNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)IBM Systems/360DEC PDPCray 1: supercomputerApple IIIBM’s wrist watchSoftware system complexityComputing is everywhere!Internet hosts (names) with time: ~40% per yearPeople-to-computer ratio with timeLatency improves slowlyIncommensurate doublingFabrication is expensiveHeat is a problemItanium Temperature PlotComputer Systems are Different!6.033 Spring 2007Static discipline•Be tolerant of inputs and strict on outputsMoore’s law“Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics, April 1965QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Moore’s Law: # transistors/die doubles every ~18 monthsLithography:the driver behind transistor count• Number of components scales O(n2) with feature size• Switching time scales O(n) with features size• Number of components scale O(n2) with die areaRAM densityCPU performanceDisk: Price per GByte drops at ~30-35% per yearENIAC•1st built in 1946•80 feet•20 10-digit registers•18,000 vacuum tubes•124,500 wattsUNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)•Introduced in 1951•46 delivered in all, until 1958•Predicted ’52 election results based on early results (1%)•1,905 ops/sec, at 2.25 Mhz clock•1,000 words of 12 characters•No monitor, only typewriterIBM Systems/360•1960s•Model 40•1.6 Mhz•32-64 Kilobyte•$225,000QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.DEC PDP•PDP-8, 1964•330,000 adds/s•$16-20K•UNIX introduced on PDP-10QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Cray 1: supercomputer•1976•Most expensive, fastest, best price/performance ratio•$5-8 Million•166 Million adds/s•32 MbyteQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Apple II•1977•6502 microprocessor•4 to 48 KilobyteQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.IBM’s wrist watch•2001•Linux and X11•19Mhz ARM•8 Megabyte flash•8 Megabyte DRAMQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Software system complexityMillions of lines of source code0102030405060NASAspaceshuttlectrlWindows3.1(1992)WindowsNT(1992)Solaris(1998)Windows95Windows98WindowsNT 5.0(1998)RedHatLinux 6.2(2000)RedHatLinux 7.1(2001)WindowsXPVistaComputing is everywhere!0100200300400500600700PCs TVs Cars CellphonesMillionsProjected to be 1B in 2005!Internet hosts (names) with time:~40% per yearPeople-to-computer ratio with timeyearlog (people per computer)streaming informationto/from physical worldNumber CrunchingData Storage productivityinteractiveSlide from David Culler, UC BerkeleyLatency improves slowly11010010001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Year #Improvement wrt year #1Moore’s law (~70% per year)DRAM access latency (~7% per year)Speed of light(0% per year)Incommensurate doublingFabrication is expensiveHeat is a problemItanium Temperature PlotExecution core120oCCache70°CInteger & FP ALUsTemp(oC)[ Source: Intel
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