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AgilentFundamentals of RF and MicrowaveNoise Figure Measurements Application Note 57-12Table of Contents1. What is Noise Figure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4The Importance of Noise in Communication Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Sources of Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6The Concept of Noise Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Noise Figure and Noise Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82. Noise Characteristics of Two-Port Networks . . . . . . . . . . . .9The Noise Figure of Multi-stage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Gain and Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Noise Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10The Effect of Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113. The Measurement of Noise Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Noise Power Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Noise Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12The Y-Factor Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13The Signal Generator Twice-Power Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14The Direct Noise Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Corrected Noise Figure and Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Frequency Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16LO Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16LO Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Unwanted Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Noise Figure Measuring Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Noise Figure Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Spectrum Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Network Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Noise Parameter Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Power Meters and True-RMS Voltmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …


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Stanford EE 133 - Study Guide

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