AHIS 120g 1st Edition Lecture 11Current LectureCarolingian art- St. Gall monastery (Switzerland)o The plan is a large, unique drawing on five sheets of parchment sewn together.o A complex, self-contained unit about 500 by 700 feet.o From the west end of the monastery, the main entrance path passes betweenstables and a hostelry toward a gate.o The plan emphasizes the church as the center of the monastic community. Ottonian- The Ottonians were German kings of Saxon descent. - Henry Io Reestablished the effective central government, improved trade and theeconomy, and began a new dynasty—called Ottonians.- The Ottonians were called after their three principal rules: Otto I, Otto II and Otto III. o During the Ottonian period, Germany was the leading nation of Europeartistically and politically. - The greatest of Ottonian kings, Otto I, revived the imperial ambitions of Charlemagne. Ottonian architecture- After reforming the Church, the Ottonian emperors established closer alliances with thepapacy and sponsored many new religious buildings. - St. Michael’s at Hildesheim (1015, Germany)o Benedictine abbey church. o Two choirs and side entrances, it recalls the monastery church of St. Gall.o Symmetry is crucial to the layout: Two identical transepts, each with a tower, where the transept and thenave cross.o However, the supports of the nave arcade, instead of being uniform, consist ofpairs of columns separated by square piers.  Divides the arcade into three equal units, each with three openings. o The architect’s intention must have been to achieve a harmonious balancebetween the longitudinal and horizontal axes throughout the structure. o Bronze doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim Sculpted bronze doors, considered by many scholars to be the firstmonumental sculptures created by the lost-wax process since antiquity.  Measures over 16 feet in height. They are the first doors since the Early Christian period to have beendecorated with stories.  The composition of the doors most likely derives from a manuscriptillumination.  The story is conveyed with splendid directness and expressive force.  Eve plays a particularly significant role on the doors; in fact, the narrativebegins with her formation, not with the creation of Adam. Romanesque art- Romanesque means, literally, “in the Roman manner”.o A stylistic term to identify the art of much of the 11th and 12th centuries. o Artists of these periods relied heavily on Rome and their formal and expressivelanguages. o Romanesque artists tapped sources in Carolingian and Ottonian art, and wereinfluenced by Early Christian, Byzantine, Celtic-Germanic, and Islamic traditions.o Romanesque art sprang up all over Western Europe at about the same time asCarolingian and Ottonian art, and sprang all over Western Europe at about thesame time and in a variety of regional styles that are closely related. - Christianity was close to triumphing everywhere in Europe.o Another factor was the growing spirit of religious enthusiasm, especially uponthe coming of the millennium. o The year 1000 had come and gone without the apocalyptic end of the world thatmany had predicted from their reading of the book of Revelation in the Bible.  Fearing the end of days, this demonstrated by the large number of peoplemaking pilgrimages to sacred sites, by repeated Christian Crusadesagainst the Muslims in the Holy Land. - Europe was still a largely agricultural society functioning under feudalism.o A decentralized political and social system that developed mainly in France andGermany. Mature Romanesque architecture - Sculptural decoration was arranged into complicated and didactic iconographicprograms. - Pilgrimage churcheso Among the most significant social phenomena of 11th and 12th century Europewas the increased ability of people of all classes to travel. Whether business, travel or pilgrimage or crusade. o Individual pilgrims made journeys to holy places for different reasons but mostshared the hope that they would find special powers or dispensations as a resultof their journey. Powers associated with these sites were transferred to relics, those bodyparts of holy persons or objects that had come in contact with Christ.o Rome became a popular pilgrimage site, beneficiary of the aura of sanctitysurrounding Saints Peter and Paul, both who lived and were buried there. So did Santiago de Compostela on the Iberian Peninsula. - Monastery of Moissaco The cloister, adjacent to the church and reserved for the use of its monks, wasformed by four covered passageways arranged around an open garden. The cloister was central to monastic life and physically occupied a centralposition within the monastic complex. o Moissac monks had a profusion of sculpture to engage pilgrims.  Its elaborately sculpted portal displays a typical Romanesque portal.o Christ in Majesty takes center stage in the tympanum, the lunette above thelintel of the portal. He is shown during his Second Coming (Revelations 4), when he returnsto Earth after the apocalyptic end of days.  Christ is attended by four beasts—the Evangelical beasts—whichaccompany two angels and 24 elders. Abstraction and activity characterize the style of carving, in whichquivering lines, borders of meandering ribbon patterns, and flutteringdraper offset a hierarchy of scale and poses. o Other parts of the Moissac portal are also treated sculpturally—the trumeau andthe jambs. Trumeau are the center post supporting the lintel and the jambs are thesides of the doorway—both have scalloped outlines modeled on apopular Islamic device. - Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autuno The tympanum of its west portal represents the Last Judgment. Christ after his second coming, as he separates those who will beeternally saved from those who are damned.o His figure dominates the tympanum. o On the left side of the tympanum, apostles observe the weighing of souls, whichtakes place on the right side. At the bottom, the dead rise from their graves, trembling with fear; someare already beset by snakes or gripped by huge, clawlike hands.o Nightmarish devils are human in general outline, but they have birdlike legs, furrythighs,