Final ReviewSemanticsSlide 3Slide 4Word RelationsWord Sense DisambiguationRobust semanticsReferenceSlide 9DiscourseSlide 11Spoken Dialogue SystemsMTCS 4706: Spoken Language ProcessingSlide 15Final ReviewCS4705Natural Language ProcessingSemantics•Meaning Representations–Predicate/argument structure and FOPC•Thematic roles and selectional restrictionsAgent/ Patient: George hit Bill. Bill was hit by GeorgeGeorge assassinated the senator. *The spider assassinated the fly)}(),(),()({, yCarxyHadThingxSHaverxHavingyx •Representing time: –Reichenbach ’47•Utterance time (U): when the utterance occurs•Reference time (R): the temporal point-of-view of the utterance•Event time (E): when events described in the utterance occurGeorge is eating a sandwich.-- E,R,U •Verb aspect–Statives, activities, accomplishments, achievements•Compositional semantics–Rule 2 rule hypothesis–E.g. x y E(e) (Isa(e,Serving) ^ Server(e,y) ^ Served(e,x))–Lambda notationλ x P(x): λ + variable(s) + FOPC expression in those variables•Non-compositional semantics–Metaphor: You’re the cream in my coffee. –Idiom: The old man finally kicked the bucket. –Deferred reference: The ham sandwich wants his check.Word Relations•Wordnet: pros and cons•Framenet•Types of word relations–Homonymy: bank/bank–Homophones: red/read–Homographs: bass/bass–Polysemy: bank/sperm bank–Synonymy: big/large–Hyponym/hypernym: poodle/dog–Metonymy: (printing press)/the pressWord Sense DisambiguationTime flies like an arrow.•Techniques for disambiguation•Features that are useful•EvaluationRobust semantics•Semantic grammars•Information Extraction•Information Retrieval–TF/IDF and vector-space model–Precision, recall, F-measureReference•Referring expressions, anaphora, coreference, antecendents•Types of NPs, e.g. pronouns, one-anaphora, definite NPs, ….•Constraints on anaphoric reference–Salience–Recency of mention–Discourse structure–Agreement–Grammatical function–Repeated mention–Parallel construction–Verb semantics/thematic roles–Pragmatics•Algorithms for reference resolution–Lappin & Leas–Hobbes–CenteringDiscourse•Coherence–Rhetorical Structure•Rhetorical relations•Nucleus and satellite–Grosz & Sidner•Linguistic, attentional, intentional structures•Cue phrases•Acoustic/prosodic cues to discourse structure•Turn-taking–Conversational analysis•‘Rules’, adjacency pairs, and TRPs–Grounding–Types of turn transitions•Other turn phenomena–Speaker Diarization–Speaker Segmentation–Speaker Identification (≠ Speaker Verification)Spoken Dialogue Systems•Controlling the dialogue flow–Initiatives choices–Confirmation strategies•Priming and entrainment•Personality•EvaluationMT•MT Pyramid•Evaluation strategiesCS 4706: Spoken Language Processing•Speech phenomena–Acoustics, intonation, disfluencies, laughter–Tools for speech annotation and analysis•Speech technologies–Text-to-Speech–Automatic Speech Recognition–Speaker Identification–Dialogue Systems•Challenges for speech technologies–Pronunciation modeling–Modeling accent, phrasing and contour–Spoken cues to •Discourse segmentation•Information status•Topic detection•Speech acts•Turn-taking•Fun stuff: emotional speech, charismatic speech, deceptive
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