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Linguistic Inquiryand Word CountJames W. Pennebaker Martha E. Francisand Roger J BoothThe University of Texas at Austin,andThe University of Auckland, New ZealandSoftware and this manual were published in 2001,Erlbaum Publishers, Mahwah, NJ(for more info, contact www.erlbaum.com)LIWC2001 Manual Page 2ContentsGetting Started .................................................................................................................................1Running LIWC2001 on a PC ...............................................................................................................1Running LIWC2001 on a Macintosh .....................................................................................................2Reading and Analyzing LIWC2001 Output.............................................................................................2Customizing LIWC2001 Output...........................................................................................................3Handling numerals, abbreviations and emoticons.....................................................................................3Creating and Using Custom Dictionaries................................................................................................3Conditional Categories........................................................................................................................4Preparing Written Text For LIWC2001 Analysis............................................................................61. Text file organization. ...........................................................................................................62. Text file computer entry.........................................................................................................63. Cleaning the text files............................................................................................................6Naming Text Files .............................................................................................................................6Typing Conventions: Writing and Interview Samples...............................................................................71. Spelling, abbreviations, contractions. .......................................................................................72. End of sentence markers and hyphens.......................................................................................73. Other common problems:.......................................................................................................8Transcribing Oral Transcripts: Special Problems.....................................................................................81. Nonfluencies. ......................................................................................................................82. Fillers.................................................................................................................................83. Transcribers’ comments.........................................................................................................9Technical Support............................................................................................................................9Getting Some Practice: Running the Samples ..............................................................................10The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC2001.....................................................12The LIWC2001 Framework............................................................................................................... 12The LIWC2001 Main Text Processing Module...................................................................................... 12The Default LIWC2001 Dictionary..................................................................................................... 13LIWC2001 Dictionary Development. .................................................................................................. 13LIWC2001’s External Validity........................................................................................................... 14Base Rates of Word Usage ................................................................................................................ 15References......................................................................................................................................16Table 1. LIWC2001 Output Variable Information .......................................................................17Table 2. Summary Information for LIWC2001 Statistics.............................................................19Table 3. LIWC2001 Means Across 43 Studies.............................................................................20LIWC2001 Manual Page 1Getting StartedThe LIWC2001 program comes with the following files:LIWC2001 the actual application file (LIWC2001.EXE for Windows and LIWC2001for Macintosh) incorporating a master dictionarySAMPLES a directory of sample text files, including inauguration speeches byLincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, and Clinton(Lincoln.txt, FDR.txt, Clinton.txt)2 poems by Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton(Plath.txt, Sexton.txt)2 talk show segments: Howard Stern (radio), Donna Shelala (TV)(Radio.txt, talkshow.txt)2 files of a passage from Huckleberry Finn—one original, one “cleaned”(Huckraw.txt, Huckcln.txt)2 psychology journal abstracts(Abstr1.txt, Abstr2.txt)DICTIONARIES Two sample dictionaries are included.DefaultCopy.dic is a copy of the internal default dictionary. Note that this is notthe actual internal dictionary that the LIWC2001 program runs. Anychanges to this dictionary will only take effect if this dictionary is loadedas part of the “Load New Dictionary” command in the “Dictionary” menu.Pronoun.dic is a short sample dictionary of pronouns. It is included as a simpleexample of the dictionary system.Running LIWC2001 on a PCTo run the application, double click on the LIWC2001 icon or LIWC2001.EXE file. Once theLIWC2001 application launches, explore the various options.To analyze whatever text files you specify, go into the “File” menu and select “ Process Text...”(or click on the ‘Ask LIWC2001 to process a file(s)’ icon). Multiple files can be processed inone of two ways. Either shift-click on all the filenames your require, or alternatively, you cananalyse all ‘ .txt’ files in a particular directory by clicking


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