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CU-Boulder ECEN 4517 - PhotoVoltaic DC-DC Module Integrated Converter

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PhotoVoltaicDC-DCModuleIntegratedConverterforNovelCascadedandBypassGridConnectionTopologies-DesignandOptimisationGeoffreyRWalkerJordanCPierceSchoolofInformationTechnologyandElectricalEngineeringUniversityofQueensland4072AUSTRALIAEmail:walkerggitee.uq.edu.aumoreproposedbytheacademiccommunity.TwogoodAbstract-GridconnectedPhotoVoltaic(PV)invertersfallintoreviewshavebeenwrittenbyKjaer[3]andIshikawa[4].threebroadcategories-Central,StringandModuleIntegratedThetraditionalcommercialapproachesfallintothreebroadConverers(ICs).MICsfferanyavantaesingroupsasshownintophalfofFigure2.Centralisedinvertersperformanceandflexibility,butareatacostdisadvantage,consistofasinglelargethreephaseinverterfedbymanyTwoalternativenovelapproachesproposedbytheauthoraalleeissrnsoVdlsleitiuecascadeddc-dcMICsandbypassdc-dcMICs-integrateapaaeldsristinsoPVmue.Salrdsrbtdsimplenon-isolatedintelligentdc-dcconverterwitheachPVinstallationsmostoftenuseeitherasinglestringconverter,ormoduletoprovidetheadvantagesofdc-acMICsatalowercost.multipleModuleIntegratedConverters(MICs).EachofAsuitableuniversal150W5Adc-dcconverterdesignistheseapproacheshasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages;andpresentedbasedontwointerleavedMOSFEThalfbridges,tradeoffvariousattributessuchascomplexity,efficiency,TestingshowsZeroVoltageSwitching(ZVS)keepslossesunderflexibility,reliability,safety,additionalfunctionality,andof1Wforbi-directionalpowerflowsupto15Wbetweentwoothshrceitcilbprdihadjacent12VPVmodulesforthebypassapplication,andcusothshrceitcilboprdihefficienciesover94%formostoftheoperationalpowerrangenextsection.forthecascadedconverterapplication.Basedonthe~0experimentalresults,potentialoptimizationstofurtherreducelossesarediscussed.1BoElGrid-oonnectedundeid11Grid-connectedcnrzElGrid-connecteddistribujtedI.THEGROWTHOFGRIDCONNECTEDPV1600Off-gridundefined.................EMOff-gridnon-domlestic..............................Theinstallationofgridconnectedphotovoltaic(PV)1400,Offgrddomnesticsystemsisgrowingatastaggeringrate,drivenbyanumberofI1200factorsincludinggrowingconcernaboutglobalwarmingandLenergysecurity,andimprovementsintechnologyand00subsequentdecreasingcosts.Growthratesofapproximately14000eachyeararereportedinthemembercountriesofthe0InternationalEnergyAgencyPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme(IEAPVPS)(Fig.1).Thetotalreportedinstalled..........f...........................................................................................................................................................................tht.400~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..................gridconnected[1].Notethatthesenumbersdonotinclude~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......................................... ...........therapidrecentgrowthinnon-membercountriesChinaand200~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................................................about5to7US$perwatt,withPVmodulesaccountingfor~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................................................SO-6Oooofsyste costs[2].1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~21~~~~~~19<~~~~~~~419~~~~~~~1~~~~~%19~~~~~~~I1~.......1......2........2001.........................Gridaiyconnecter20inverters%oftat....................................are..........becoming...................more............important...................The.Fig..1:.The.recent.exponential.growth.of.Pintalaioshows..no..sign.ofnumberofinvertermanufacturersissignificant-morethanslowingdown.InstalledPVpowerin2004(notshown)wasover................................inEurope(in2003)[2].InJapan,"productsmainlytargetTwonoveltopologies....................................................................................................proposed............by....the......author..........are......a...hybrid.......ThedboomnnecthedPVtmharkttranslaenmestogrtidncnneof......Module...........Integrated.................Converters.................while..........minimising................the..Htrade..........Anumberofdifferentapproachesforgridconnecting~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~vSectionIV.Resultsoftheexperimentaltestingofthisdc-dc~~~~~~~~.....................................................................................installationshave beenimplementedcommerciallyandyetconverteraregiveninSectionV,alongwithdiscussionof................................................theimplicationsfortheoperationofthesedc-dcconvertersinintheNorthumbriainstallationandModuleIntegratedtheirintendedapplication.Converterswereconsideredasa possiblesolution[7].Intheirfavour,centralisedsystemscansimplifyII.GRIDCONNECTEDPVINVERTEROPTIONSmonitoring,maintenanceandrepair,andhavelowersystemcostsandhighersystemreliability[8].A.CentralInvertersLargePVinstallationsofseveraltensofkiloWattsormoreB.StringInvertershavebeentraditionallygridconnectedusingacentralthreeAmorerecentapproachistogiveeachhighvoltageDCphaseinvertersystem,oftenathyristorlinecommutatedPVstringitsowndc-acinverter,whichusuallyhasaratingofinverter.The39.5kWpphotovoltaicfacadeprojectattheUKbetween1-5kW.ThestringinverterisanidealsolutiontoUniversityofNorthumbriainstalledin1994isagoodresidentialPVinstallations,whichareusuallyaboutthissize.example[5].ThesignificantamountofPVwiringtotheMaximumPowerPointTracking(MPPT)isperformedoninverterisallhighvoltageDC,whichdemandscarefulsafetythestring,but


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CU-Boulder ECEN 4517 - PhotoVoltaic DC-DC Module Integrated Converter

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