1Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 1EECS150 - Digital DesignLecture 2 - CMOSJanuary 23, 2003John WawrzynekSpring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 2Outline• Overview of Physical Implementations• CMOS devices• Announcements/Break• CMOS transistor circuits– basic logic gates– tri-state buffers– flip-flops• flip-flop timing basics• example use• circuits2Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 3Overview of Physical Implementations• Integrated Circuits (ICs)– Combinational logic circuits, memory elements, analog interfaces. • Printed Circuits (PC) boards– substrate for ICs and interconnection, distribution of CLK, Vdd, and GND signals, heat dissipation. • Power Supplies– Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels. • Chassis (rack, card case, ...) – holds boards, power supply, provides physical interface to user or other systems. • Connectors and Cables. The stuff out of which we make systems.Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 4Integrated Circuits• Primarily Crystalline Silicon• 1mm - 25mm on a side• 100 - 200M transistors• (25 - 50M “logic gates")• 3 - 10 conductive layers• 2002 - feature size ~ 0.13um = 0.13 x 10-6m • “CMOS” most common -complementary metal oxide semiconductor• Package provides:– spreading of chip-level signal paths to board-level – heat dissipation. • Ceramic or plastic with gold wires. Chip in Package3Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 5Printed Circuit Boards• fiberglass or ceramic• 1-20 conductive layers • 1-20in on a side • IC packages are soldered down.Multichip Modules (MCMs)• Multiple chips directly connected to a substrate. (silicon, ceramic, plastic, fiberglass) without chip packages.Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 6Integrated Circuits• Moore’s Law has fueled innovation for the last 3 decades.• “Number of transistors on a die doubles every 18 months.”• What are the side effects of Moore’s law?4Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 7Integrated Circuits• Uses for digital IC technology today:– standard microprocessors• used in desktop PCs, and embedded applications• simple system design (mostly software development)– memory chips (DRAM, SRAM)– application specific ICs (ASICs)• custom designed to match particular application• can be optimized for low-power, low-cost, high-performance• high-design cost / relatively low manufacturing cost– field programmable logic devices (FPGAs, CPLDs)• customized to particular application after fabrication• short time to market• relatively high part cost– standardized low-density components• still manufactured for compatibility with older system designsSpring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 8CMOS DevicesCross SectionThe gate acts like a capacitor. A high voltage on the gate attracts charge into the channel. If a voltage exists between the source and drain a current will flow. In its simplest approximation the device acts like a switch.Top View• MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor). nFETpFET5Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 9AnnouncementsIf you are on the wait list and would like to get into the class you must:• Turn in an appeal for on third floor Soda• Attend lectures and do the homework, the first two weeks. • In the second week of classes, go to the lab section in which you wish to enroll. Give the TA your name and student ID. • Later, we will process the waitlist based on these requests, and lab section openings. Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 10AnnouncementsReading assignment for this week.All of chapter 1Chapter 10 sections 1,2,7,8,9Homework due next Thursday before class. Will be posted later today. Questions about class policy etc. covered on Tuesday?6Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 11Transistor-level Logic Circuits• Inverter (NOT gate):• NAND gate• Note: – out = 0 iff both a AND b = 1 therefore out = (ab)’– pFET network and nFET network are duals of one another.How about AND gate?Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 12Transistor-level Logic Circuits• nFET is used only to pass logic zero.• pFet is used only to pass logic one.• For example, NAND gate:Simple rule for wiring up MOSFETs: Note: This rule is sometimes violated by expert designers under special conditions.7Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 13Transistor-level Logic Circuits• NAND gate• NOR gate• Note: – out = 0 iff both a OR b = 1 therefore out = (a+b)’– Again pFET network and nFETnetwork are duals of one another.– Other more complex functions are possible. Ex: out = (a+bc)’Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 14Transistor-level Logic Circuits• Transistor circuit for inverting tri-state buffer:“high impedance” (output disconnected)• Variations• Tri-state Buffer“transmission gate”Inverting bufferInverted enableTri-state buffers are used when multiple circuits all connect to a common bus.Only one circuit at a time is allowed to drive the bus. All others “disconnect”.8Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 15Transmission Gate• Transmission gates are the way to build “switches” in CMOS. • Both transistor types are needed:– nFET to pass zeros.– pFET to pass ones.• The transmission gate is bi-directional (unlike logic gates and tri-state buffers).• Functionally it is similar to the tri-state buffer, but does not connect to Vdd and GND, so must be combined with logic gates or buffers.Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 16Transistor-level Logic Circuits• MultiplexorIf s=1 then c=a else c=b• Transistor Circuit for inverting multiplexor:9Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 17D-type edge-triggered flip-flop• The edge of the clock is used to sample the "D" input & send it to "Q” (positive edge triggering). – At all other times the output Q is independent of the input D (just stores previously sampled value). – The input must be stable for a short time before the clock edge. Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 18Parallel to Serial Converter Example• 4-bit version:• Operation:– cycle 1: load x, output x0– cycle i: output xiif LD=1 load FF from xielse from previous stage.• Each stage:10Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 19Parallel to Serial Converter Example• timing:Spring 2003 EECS150 - Lec02-CMOSPage 20Transistor-level Logic Circuits• Positive Level-sensitive latch•Transistor Level• Positive Edge-triggered flip-flop built from two level-sensitive
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